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Literary and Cultural Writeups .
WRITERS OUTNUMBERING READERS: A STRUCTURAL
IMBALANCE IN THE LINGUISTIC AND PUBLISHING ECOSYSTEM
The feeling that writers may now
be outnumbering readers is not merely a rhetorical exaggeration; it points to a
deeper structural imbalance within the linguistic and literary ecosystem. At
stake is not only the health of the publishing industry but the vitality of
language itself. A language survives not through writing alone, but through a
living equilibrium between speakers, readers, and writers. When this balance is
disturbed, the consequences extend beyond literature into culture, cognition,
and collective memory.
A language does not endure by
virtue of its writers alone. Writers refine and extend expression, but their
work derives meaning only through reception. Readers are not passive consumers;
they are interpreters who sustain depth, continuity, and intellectual
inheritance. Speakers, meanwhile, anchor language in lived experience, ensuring
that it remains dynamic rather than archival. Remove speakers, and the language
dies outright; remove readers, and it becomes shallow and unreflective; remove
writers, and it gradually loses its capacity for renewal. Each is
indispensable, though not equally foundational.
The present moment, however,
appears marked by disequilibrium. The rapid proliferation of writers, enabled
by digital platforms, self-publishing, and the lowering of entry barriers, has
not been matched by a corresponding expansion in readership. On the contrary,
evidence suggests a contraction in sustained reading practices. This raises an
unsettling question: what becomes of a literary culture when production exceeds
reception?
The answer is not merely economic
but epistemic. Writing presupposes an audience; without readers, it risks
becoming performative rather than communicative. A proliferation of texts
without corresponding engagement does not signal richness, but dispersion.
Meaning fragments, and literature risks becoming an echo chamber of voices
speaking without being heard.
The condition of libraries
illustrates this paradox with particular clarity. Once vibrant centres of
intellectual life, many libraries today face declining circulation and reduced
footfall. Shelves continue to expand, acquisitions continue to arrive, yet the
fundamental question grows harder to ignore: libraries are storing books for whom? If readers
diminish, libraries risk becoming custodial spaces rather than living
institutions; repositories of unread texts rather than sites of active
engagement. The issue is not the absence of books, but the erosion of the
reading public that animates them.
The publishing industry mirrors
this imbalance. Traditionally, editorial gatekeeping and market constraints
ensured a rough alignment between what was produced and what was likely to be
read. While imperfect, this system maintained equilibrium. Digital disruption
has altered this dynamic: authorship has expanded dramatically, yet mechanisms
for cultivating readership have lagged behind. The result is an oversupply of
content in an attention-scarce environment.
Attention, rather than
information, has become the limiting resource of the age. Readers are
confronted with an abundance of texts competing not only with one another but
with digital media designed to capture and fragment attention. In such a
landscape, visibility often outweighs substance. Works that align with
algorithmic preferences gain prominence, while more demanding or nuanced
writing struggles to find an audience.
Economic structures further
compound the problem. High distribution costs, retailer commissions, and
inflated pricing limit access to books, particularly for younger readers. At
the same time, authors frequently receive minimal returns, creating a system in
which neither producers nor consumers are adequately supported. The paradox is
stark: more books are being produced than ever before, yet fewer are being
meaningfully read.
Culturally, the status of reading
has shifted. What was once a central intellectual practice has, in many
contexts, become peripheral. Digital habits encourage skimming rather than deep
engagement, weakening the cognitive capacities required for sustained reading.
This has implications not only for literature but for language itself. The
richness of a language, its nuance, metaphor, and intertextual depth, is
sustained through reading. Without it, language risks becoming flattened,
efficient but impoverished.
The educational system bears part
of the responsibility. Reading is increasingly framed as a functional skill,
tied to assessment and utility, rather than as a source of intellectual and
imaginative engagement. This instrumental approach discourages the development
of lifelong reading habits. Without early and meaningful encounters with
literature, the foundation of a reading culture weakens.
Addressing this imbalance requires
coordinated intervention. At the policy level, reading must be recognised as a
public good. Investment in libraries, affordable access to books, and
community-based reading initiatives is essential. Libraries, in particular,
must be reimagined; not merely as storage spaces, but as active cultural
centres that foster interaction, discussion, and discovery.
Within the publishing industry,
economic reforms are necessary. Alternative distribution models, including
direct-to-reader platforms and subscription services, may reduce costs and
broaden access. However, these must be balanced with fair compensation for
authors and support for independent booksellers, who play a crucial role in
sustaining literary culture.
Technological innovation, often
seen as part of the problem, can also contribute to the solution. Digital
platforms can facilitate discovery, connect readers with relevant texts, and
support diverse formats such as audiobooks. Yet such systems must prioritise depth
and diversity over mere engagement metrics, ensuring that reading remains a
meaningful rather than superficial activity.
Cultural interventions are equally
vital. Reading must be made visible and social once again. Book clubs, literary
events, and public discussions can help restore its communal dimension. Even
within digital spaces, reading communities can be cultivated, transforming
solitary activity into shared experience.
Ultimately, the imbalance between
writers and readers reflects a broader misalignment between production and
attention. The ease of writing has increased, but the capacity for sustained
reading has not kept pace. Restoring equilibrium does not require fewer
writers, but more readers, engaged, attentive, and sustained over time.
If this imbalance deepens, the
consequences will be significant. A world in which writers outnumber readers is
not one of abundance, but of diminished communication. Texts will multiply, yet
their capacity to resonate, endure, and shape thought will weaken. Libraries
will continue to store books, but the question, ‘ for whom?’ will become ever more pressing.
The survival of language depends not on writing alone, but on the
continuous interplay between expression and reception. To preserve this
balance, reading must be reasserted as a central cultural practice. Without it,
language risks becoming not a living medium, but a silent archive.
( Avtar Mota )
THE RETURN
OF KASHMIRI PANDITS: REAL ISSUES
The question of the return of Kashmiri Pandits cannot be meaningfully addressed without first confronting, in its full depth and complexity, the reasons for their departure. Their exit in the early 1990s was not a normal migration, nor a gradual demographic shift driven by economic aspiration or social mobility. It was a forced and fearful exodus that unfolded within a specific historical moment marked by the rapid escalation of terrorism, the spread of radical ideologies, and the near-total collapse of state authority in the Kashmir Valley. During this period, Kashmiri Pandits, a small yet historically significant minority deeply embedded in the Valley’s intellectual, cultural, and social life, found themselves increasingly vulnerable in an environment that was becoming openly hostile. The atmosphere was shaped by targeted killings of prominent members of the community, widespread threats issued through posters, letters, and mosque loudspeakers, and a pervasive climate of intimidation that penetrated daily life with alarming intensity.
Slogans echoed through
neighbourhoods at night, many explicitly threatening the Pandit community,
creating an environment in which fear was not abstract but immediate, personal,
and inescapable. The brutal killings were not random; they were selective and symbolic
in gruesomeness, often targeting individuals seen as representatives of the
community’s identity: intellectuals, professionals, and serving officials,
thereby sending a chilling message that no one was beyond reach. These acts
were accompanied by instances of abduction, sexual assaults, and the public
display of hit lists outside mosques. At the same time, the administrative
machinery of the state appeared paralysed. Governance structures failed to
provide reassurance or protection, leaving vulnerable populations without a
sense of security. In such conditions, remaining in one’s home became
inseparable from the risk to one’s life. For many families, the decision to
leave was not triggered by a single incident but was the culmination of
sustained fear, uncertainty, and the erosion of any belief that safety could be
restored in the near future. They left in haste, often under the cover of darkness,
carrying only what they could manage. Homes, properties, temples, schools, and
generations of accumulated memory were abandoned. Their departure lacked
closure; it was marked instead by a fragile expectation: that the displacement
would be temporary, that normalcy would return, and that they would soon
reclaim their place in the Valley.
Dispossession,
Erasure, and the Normalisation of Absence
What followed transformed
that temporary flight into a prolonged and painful exile. In the years after
their departure, many properties left behind by Kashmiri Pandits were occupied,
encroached upon, or transferred under deeply contested conditions. Homes were
taken over, sometimes through distress sales conducted under duress, and at
other times through outright illegal occupation. Orchards, agricultural lands,
and commercial establishments changed hands, often without transparency or
fairness. Temples and religious sites were left unattended; in numerous cases,
they fell into disrepair, suffered vandalism, or were encroached upon.
Educational institutions and community spaces that once sustained cultural
continuity met a similar fate. These developments represented far more than a
change in ownership; they marked the systematic fading of a community’s visible
and material presence in the Valley. Over time, absence itself became
normalised. New generations grew up in an environment where the coexistence
that had once defined Kashmiri society was no longer a lived reality, but a
distant memory, if remembered at all. This normalisation was accompanied by a
silence as consequential as the violence that preceded it. People within the
broader society, whether out of fear or reluctance to confront uncomfortable
truths, did not openly acknowledge what had occurred. The result was a profound
rupture in trust; not only between communities, but within the moral fabric of
society itself. In such a context, the idea of return cannot be reduced to
administrative planning or political declarations; it is shaped by the weight
of unresolved history.
Acknowledgement And Accountability
For return to be genuine, it
must rest upon a process that extends beyond policy
frameworks. This process begins with acknowledgement: a clear and unambiguous
recognition of the events that led to the exodus, including targeted killings,
threats, the pervasive climate of fear, and the failure of institutions and
society to protect a vulnerable minority. Such acknowledgement cannot be
partial or qualified; it must be candid and consistent. It must also confront the
uncomfortable reality that some of the violence and intimidation originated
from within the Valley itself, involving individuals, often local youth who had
been radicalised and drawn into extremist movements. Recognising this does not
implicate an entire society, nor does it negate the broader political
complexities of the conflict. Rather, it affirms a fundamental moral principle:
that the targeting of unarmed civilians and the intimidation of minorities are
indefensible under any circumstances. Alongside acknowledgement must come
accountability. This requires not only condemning those responsible for
violence but ensuring that legal processes address past crimes and present
injustices. Allegations of illegal occupation, fraudulent property transfers,
and encroachments upon religious and cultural sites must be examined through
transparent and credible mechanisms. Where wrongdoing is established, remedies
must follow, whether through restitution, compensation, or restoration of
rights. Without such measures, calls for return risk being perceived as
symbolic gestures disconnected from reality.
Equally important is the
role of society in fostering conditions conducive to return. Reconciliation
cannot be imposed from above; it must be cultivated within communities. This
involves re-engaging with a shared cultural and historical narrative in which
Kashmiri Pandits are recognised not as outsiders or relics, but as integral to
the Valley’s identity. Educational institutions, cultural forums, and public
discourse must play an active role in restoring this understanding,
particularly for younger generations who have grown up without direct
interaction between communities. Building trust requires sustained engagement,
openness, and a willingness to move beyond entrenched narratives. It also
demands confronting the legacy of silence by creating spaces where difficult
conversations can occur without fear, allowing empathy to replace distance.
The
Deeper Challenge: Memory, Resistance, and the Moral Imperative of Return
Opposition to the return of
Kashmiri Pandits is not always overt. More often, it exists in layers: of
silence, denial, convenience, and unresolved guilt. It resides not only in past
violence but in memories of what was allowed to happen and in the realities
that followed. It is reflected in the occupation of abandoned homes, orchards,
temple lands, schools, and institutions; properties that were not merely
physical assets but the living heritage of a people. Homes were not simply
occupied; they were erased as sites of memory. Temples were not only left
behind; they were desecrated or allowed to fall into neglect. What once
embodied identity and faith was reduced to silence or appropriated in absence.
It also persists in the enduring
trauma of that period: in the targeted killings, the threats on walls, the
slogans in the night, and the fear that entered homes uninvited and never fully
departed. Families did not leave by choice; they fled to survive, carrying
little beyond their lives. A painful truth remains: much of this violence did
not feel distant or faceless. In many cases, it emerged from within the Valley
itself: from individuals shaped by radicalisation and extremist ideologies,
turning against communities with whom they once shared everyday life. This
reality deepens the wound, transforming violence into a rupture of trust,
shared history, and human connection.
Equally significant was the
silence that accompanied these events; neighbours who looked away, communities
that froze, and a society that, whether out of fear or helplessness, could not
or did not act when it mattered most. In the years that followed, this silence
was seldom broken with honesty or accountability. It continues in narratives
shaped by prolonged exposure to radical ideas, where reconciliation is viewed
with suspicion and return is perceived not as healing, but as disruption.
There was also a failure of
leadership and institutions: political voices that spoke selectively, civil
society that chose caution over courage, and systems that offered promises
instead of justice. The combined weight of militancy, opportunism,
radicalisation, silence, and institutional inaction has created a reality in
which return is not simply about going back; it is about confronting what was
lost, what was taken, and what remains unresolved.
The return of Kashmiri Pandits, therefore, cannot be reduced to infrastructure alone. It is not merely about housing, employment, or security, essential though these are. It is about restoring relationships between people and their homeland, and between communities that once coexisted. This restoration demands transformation at the moral, social, and legal levels. It asks whether a society is willing to confront its past honestly, address its consequences justly, and reimagine its future inclusively. Without such a foundation, the language of return remains incomplete, and reintegration uncertain. With it, however, return can move from aspiration to possibility, offering not only the restoration of a displaced community but also the renewal of a shared and pluralistic vision of Kashmir. Accordingly, the return of Kashmiri Pandits is not merely a political or logistical issue. It is a moral test. It asks whether truth can be acknowledged, justice restored, and trust, once broken in the most painful way, rebuilt with honesty, dignity, and courage. It demands that all false, mischievous, and malicious narratives concerning the eviction of a vulnerable community from its native land must be put to rest, once and for all. Any return under any circumstances also demands constitutional guarantee framework for no-repetition of such tragedies. Without truth, return becomes performance. With truth, it becomes a possibility.
(
Avtar Mota )
A FORGOTTEN CLASSIC REBORN: DON
QUIXOTE IN KASHMIRI
Few literary works have travelled across
cultures and centuries with the same enduring vitality as Don Quixote, the
17th-century masterpiece that has been translated into more than 700 languages
worldwide. Among these many incarnations, the Kashmiri edition occupies a
uniquely compelling place, both as an early scholarly endeavour and as a
remarkable act of literary recovery.
Originally translated in the mid-1930s by the
eminent Sanskrit scholars Prof. Nityanand Shastri and Prof. Jagaddhar Zadoo,
this work remained hidden from public view for nearly a century, as though
awaiting its rightful moment of return. Its re-emergence today is not merely
the publication of a text, but the revival of an intellectual legacy long
suspended in time. The painstaking task of textual restoration and preparation
was later undertaken by Dr Surindar Nath Pandita ( grandson of Pandit Nityanand Shastri ), alongside Uma Kant Kachru,
whose editorial stewardship has shaped the work into its present form. The
volume is further enriched by the scholarly engagement of Prof. (Dr.) Dragomir
Dimitrov, whose contribution lends it an added dimension of academic depth and
global relevance.
What now reaches the reader is more than a
translation; it is a layered cultural artefact, carrying within it the echoes
of multiple generations of scholarship. Its publication stands as a moment of
cultural restoration, reclaiming a forgotten chapter and restoring it to its
rightful place within both Kashmiri literary heritage and the wider world of
letters. This translated volume, based on selected chapters (I.45, I.46, I.50,
II.6 and II.12) from Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra’s Don Quixote, traces
a fascinating journey across languages, geographies, and generations. The
Kashmiri text is mediated through Charles Jarvis’s eighteenth-century English
translation. Undertaken in the 1930s, at the initiative of Harvard book collector
Carl Tilden Keller and facilitated by the renowned scholar-explorer Sir Aurel Stein,
it reflects an era when Kashmiri
scholars actively engaged with world literature.
Despite its significance, this translation
remained unpublished for decades, preserved only as a manuscript. Its eventual
rediscovery in 2011 at Houghton Library, Harvard University, and subsequent
scholarly attention led to the preparation of a facsimile edition by Prof.
(Dr.) Dragomir Dimitrov, published in 2024 under the Pune Indological Series
(Issue III). The present publication derives from that effort and marks the
first printed edition of five selected chapters from this Kashmiri translation.
The transformation from manuscript to printed
book, finally realised in March 2026, represents not just the revival of a text
but the recovery of a lost chapter in Kashmiri literary history. The book runs
to approximately 250 pages, of which about 215 pages are devoted to the
translation itself, presented in bold and reader-friendly type. The remaining
sections include a lucid introduction to the work by Surindar Nath Pandita, a
foreword by Prof. Sudhir K. Sopory, editorial notes by Uma Kant Kachru, and
additional introductory material that collectively provide depth and context.
The volume is also visually and historically
enriched. It opens with a recreated artwork by Veer Munshi depicting Don
Quixote and Sancho Panza, offering an evocative entry into the narrative world.
Archival materials further enhance its value, including a photograph of a page of the
original Kashmiri manuscript preserved at Harvard, images of Pandit Nityanand
Shastri and Pandit Jagaddhar Zadoo, and a reproduced letter written by Pandit
Nityanand Shastri to Aurel Stein. These inclusions transform the book into not
only a literary text but also a document of intellectual history.
At the heart of the narrative lies Cervantes’s
immortal creation. Don Quixote follows Alonso Quixano, an ageing man so
deeply influenced by tales of chivalry that he reinvents himself as the
knight-errant Don Quixote. Driven by an idealistic desire to revive lost
values, he ventures into the world in search of justice and glory. Accompanied
by his loyal yet pragmatic squire, Sancho Panza, his journey unfolds as a blend
of humour and poignancy. His vivid imagination famously transforms windmills
into giants and inns into castles, creating scenes that are at once comic and
deeply symbolic. Through these misadventures, Cervantes explores enduring themes:
idealism and realism, illusion and truth, and the resilience of human aspiration,
making the novel both a satire of chivalric romance and a profound reflection
on the human condition.
What distinguishes this edition is not only
its historical significance but also its thoughtful presentation. The
translation is arranged in a parallel, page-by-page format, with the English
text on the left and its Kashmiri rendering on the right. This layout allows
readers to engage closely with both versions, facilitating comparison while
enhancing comprehension and appreciation.
The editorial contribution of Uma Kant Kachru
is central to the success of this publication. The son of painter-scholar
Prithvi Nath Kachru, he is a noted Kashmiri writer with a deep command of the
language’s phonetic tradition. Currently serving as co-editor of the journals Neelamatam
and Sharda Tarangini, and formerly Editor-in-Chief of Naad,
Kachru brings both scholarly rigour and linguistic sensitivity to the project. His
work in editing the Kashmiri text reflects a careful balance between fidelity
to the original translation and accessibility for contemporary readers. Uma
Kant Kachru’s Kashmiri translation emerges as a graceful bridge between
literary worlds, carrying a timeless classic into the vibrant idiom of the
Kashmiri language. It captures not merely the sense of the original, but also
its rhythm, subtlety, and emotional texture with remarkable finesse. His
command over phonetics and expression lends the work a natural fluency and
quiet elegance.
In his note, Uma Kant Kachru describes how access to
multilingual keyboards on mobile devices, especially Google’s Gboard, made it
possible to digitise the Kashmiri translation of Don Quixote. His earlier work
editing community magazines exposed the limitations of graphics-based software,
which failed across different systems. Switching to mobile typing, he digitised
Hindi and Kashmiri texts despite discomfort. Encouraged by Dr Surindar Nath
Pandita, he began transcription, completed Chapter 45 quickly, and finished the
remaining chapters by January 2025 through careful review and collaboration. The
editor observes that the manuscript is as fascinating to read as its script,
noting that the translation adopts a highly scholarly style influenced by the
translators’ expertise in Sanskrit and Hindi. Despite being about 88 years old,
the translation differs significantly from the colloquial Kashmiri of its time,
particularly in its deliberate avoidance of Persian and Urdu vocabulary,
favouring Sanskrit/Hindi equivalents instead. Numerous examples highlight this
conscious linguistic choice, though a few Persian-Arabic terms still appear.
Importantly, the language has not been
burdened with unnecessary verbosity. Instead, it retains the simplicity and warmth
of everyday Kashmiri speech, the language spoken in homes, making it accessible
and engaging for Kashmiri-knowing readers across all age groups. In doing so,
the translation not only preserves meaning but breathes life into it,
reaffirming both the vitality of the language and the enduring relevance of the
text.
The publication is also the result of
sustained scholarly collaboration. Uma Kant Kachru played a crucial role in
recovering, editing, and preparing the manuscript for modern publication,
ensuring that its spirit remained intact while its presentation met
contemporary standards. He was joined by Surindar Nath Pandita, whose academic
guidance contributed to maintaining fidelity to Cervantes’s vision while
refining the text for today’s audience. Together, they bridged a gap of nearly
ninety years.
The role of Prof. Dragomir Dimitrov deserves
equal recognition. His preparation of the facsimile edition based on the
Harvard manuscript not only preserved the original textual form but also
provided scholars with direct access to an important historical document. His
involvement in developing the Schlegel typeface adapted for the Devanagari script
further underscores the technical and scholarly depth behind this project. Such
contributions, though often less visible, are essential to the preservation and
dissemination of literary heritage.
The broader collaboration, including
institutional support from international literary organisations such as the
Instituto Cervantes, highlights the global significance of this endeavour. It
represents a meaningful convergence of local scholarship and international
academic networks, demonstrating how literary traditions can be shared,
preserved, and revitalised across cultural boundaries.
Ultimately, this Kashmiri edition of Don
Quixote is far more than a delayed publication. It is a rediscovery of
intellectual history and a testament to the enduring spirit of scholarship. It
reveals a time when Kashmiri intellectuals were actively engaging with global
literary currents and shows how a universal classic can be reimagined within a
regional linguistic and cultural framework. At its core, the book stands as a
tribute to those who made this journey possible, from the original translators
to the modern editors and scholars who brought their work into the light.
Together, their efforts have transformed a forgotten manuscript into a living
text, ensuring that it reaches new generations of readers.
In an age when smaller languages often struggle for visibility, this publication affirms the richness and resilience of Kashmiri. By bringing Cervantes into its fold, it not only expands the reach of a world classic but also strengthens the literary identity of the language itself. This is not just a book; it is a landmark in the intellectual and cultural history of Kashmir.
In conclusion, this book is a landmark publication that not only brings international recognition to the Kashmiri language but also showcases the resilience of the two-century-old Schlegel font for writing Kashmiri in the Devanagari script. A true celebration of linguistic heritage.
(Avtar Mota )