tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61229952883455177072024-03-29T08:59:29.700+05:30 CHINAR SHADE Literary and Cultural Writeups .
CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.comBlogger1767125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-80065959384489228312024-03-27T07:53:00.002+05:302024-03-27T07:53:34.366+05:30NEW VISITORS ON ROADS<div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgzRbos8UsCob06s_5upjsGJ7nxLEHLR5jYG4Rrc1SUKAXcOlfKAKFsYN4Yv27d0v4NyQ6QocmBXO8xBD1T_lZ_KHeEyTn9LhhIghmjuQ8YATbi_nJ0MAyZvtzBSYIgIcAE_Vf6BqJr0giccyvP4jJiCrDNvwEXE_wKiJ8szEPSSxoE6eBYsL2SOV3Z6t/s1440/FB_IMG_1711427147967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgzRbos8UsCob06s_5upjsGJ7nxLEHLR5jYG4Rrc1SUKAXcOlfKAKFsYN4Yv27d0v4NyQ6QocmBXO8xBD1T_lZ_KHeEyTn9LhhIghmjuQ8YATbi_nJ0MAyZvtzBSYIgIcAE_Vf6BqJr0giccyvP4jJiCrDNvwEXE_wKiJ8szEPSSxoE6eBYsL2SOV3Z6t/s320/FB_IMG_1711427147967.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /></div><div><div> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>NEW VISITORS SEEN ON ROADS..</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>I add some lines written by me on these new guests seen on roads:-</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Shaayad hamein nikaal kar pachhta rahe hain aap,</div><div>Sadkon pe iss khayaal se phir aa gaye hain hum....</div><div>Ilm o adab ho media ho ya ho siyasat</div><div>Aaye nahin hain ab ke to bus chha gaye hain hum..</div><div>Denchoon hamaara raag dulati hamaara vaar,</div><div>Har khet ki jo ghaas thi vo kha gaye hain hum..</div><div><br /></div><div>Mazhab ho ya ho socialism ya ho Dharam Gyan ,</div><div>Har ikk vishay pe duniya ko ulljha gaye hain hum.</div><div><br /></div><div>(Avtar Mota)</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-66621594721436918132024-03-21T23:45:00.009+05:302024-03-22T17:26:49.050+05:30 ACHARYA UDBHATA (750-800 A D ) OF KASHMIR<p><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxO5UCQv6q-Vi2lchzUhyphenhyphennpQviQ2EkpaCPUajD63QKhtd0OVgQ4n1Zhzc4WNnQXniwq0y3kr2pmlty7Fddon32Zpvwab4Vrmdgawy6O4_MpOw1r9i-oxczCC7CW1CGVwyYqcTutNU_c_GjIEN8Ay0HBXioAmHJxFOVG1LmnsxjYCkBvZ4AX3Mq96HzbOYR/s563/m-4-563x394.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="563" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxO5UCQv6q-Vi2lchzUhyphenhyphennpQviQ2EkpaCPUajD63QKhtd0OVgQ4n1Zhzc4WNnQXniwq0y3kr2pmlty7Fddon32Zpvwab4Vrmdgawy6O4_MpOw1r9i-oxczCC7CW1CGVwyYqcTutNU_c_GjIEN8Ay0HBXioAmHJxFOVG1LmnsxjYCkBvZ4AX3Mq96HzbOYR/s320/m-4-563x394.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><br /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><p></p><pre><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">THE UNSUNG<span> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span></span></span><span><span face=""Calibri", "sans-serif"">ACHARYA UDBHATA (750-800 A D )</span></span></b><b><span face=""Calibri", "sans-serif""><span> </span>OF KASHMIR</span></b></span></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-1qaijid"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Not writing poetry is no crime; it won’t cause illness
or lead to punishment; but writing bad poetry is a living death<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.”…( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acharya Bhamaha of Kashmir <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Kaavyaalamkaara)</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-1qaijid"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">K S Nagarajan</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in his book, “Contribution of Kashmir to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Sanskrit Literature ” writes this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">“The credit of presenting a full-fledged picture of the
Science of Poetics can be attributed, in a large measure, to Kashmir. Though
the fundamentals in Poetics could he traced to works like the Agnipurana and
Natya-shastra of Bharata, it is remarkable to note that all aspects of this
science are elaborated and discussed in detail by Kashmirian authors. Original
theories have been suggested and speculations worked out in such a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manner that one is tempted to say that the
Science of Poetics' in its entirety, is visible only in Kashmir. Every topic
pertaining to the Science, like Alamkara, Rasa ,Riti or Dhvani was thoroughly
discussed by Kashmirian scholars . Even grammatical points which would require
attention while discussing the relation between Shabda and Artha were not lost
sight of, though they had no direct connection with the subject.”</span></p>
<pre><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From
the hoary antiquity, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/india#hinduism" title="show India definitions"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> produced poetical compositions in abundance.
Especially, in case of Sanskrit poetical works, India is very much rich. Far
ahead is the place of Kashmir in contribution to the Sanskrit literary
productions. Not only in quantity and variety, in case of quality also, the
land of Kashmir contributed immensely. The Kashmirian Sanskrit scholars <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have left practically no facet of life,
outside the ambit of their writings.</span><span class="HTMLPreformattedChar"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="HTMLPreformattedChar"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It needs to be known that the </span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">major schools</span> of Indian Poetics
are: <b>Rasa, Alankara, Riti, Dhvani, Vakroki, and Auchitya</b>. </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>rasa-dhvani-auchitya-vakratā</i> </b>quartet
applicable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to all arts took appropriate
shape in Kashmir . Endless is the list of contributors from Kashmir to the
Sanskrit literature , grammar , poetics , rhetoric, religious thought, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aesthetics <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of India . A few scholars in these categories
could be named <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rishi
Vasugupta , Abhinavgupta , Khemraja , Kshemendra , Bilhana, Kalhana,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Somadeva , Sharangadeva,Bhatta Narayana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, Jayanta Bhatta,Rajanka Bhatta ,Ratnakara ,Sivaswamin,Srivara
,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Bhallaṭa,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Vamana,Jonaraja,Anandavardhana,
Udbhata, </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kuntala , Mahima Bhatta, Silhana,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Abhinanda Bhatta,</span> Panini, Bhatta<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Sambhu, Charaka, Bhamaha, Gopendra,
Jalhana,Namisadhu, Rudrata, </span><a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kuntaka#hinduism" title="show Kuntaka definitions"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kuntaka</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mammata#hinduism" title="show Mammaṭa definitions"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mammaṭa</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,Vallavadeva,Dandin,Vasunanda,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavi Chandaka,Varahamihira , Utpala, Visakhila
, Vamanagupta, Manoratha, Padmagupta, Ratnakara, Mukula Bhatta, Kumarila
Bhatta, Poetess Vijjika, Sabaraswami, Bhatta Nayaka, Bhatta Tauta, Hemachandra,
Vidyadhara,Rajashekhara,Narendra,<span class="hgkelc"> Ruyyaka</span>, Sri
Shankuka, Sambhunatha , Sumatinatha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,
Lollata ,Somendra, Cakrapala, Muktakana, Bhogendra, Prakasendra,
Rāmayaśas,Jaynayaka, Damodaragupta,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Mukula-bhatta, Jayaratha,Shobhakaramitra,Ghantaka,</span> Lollata,<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Kirtidhara,</span> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Harsata,</span> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Rajanaka-Tilaka,</span>Rajanaka-Ratankantha.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this write-up, let me <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>take up one ,the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unsung
Acharya Udbhata .</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Acharya
Udbhata</span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is a well studied<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kashmirian writer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on Poetics and
a great literary theorists. Very little is known about his parentage.
Kashmirian tradition identifies him as a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>great <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>scholar who was the
President of the Royal Council in the court of King Jayapida of Kashmir.<b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udbhata and Vamana were in the
service of King Jayapida of Kashmir (Ca. 776-807 AD). Udbhata followed Bhamaha
; while Vamana followed Dandin. According to some scholars , <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while Vamana was a minister, Udbhata was the
President of the Royal Council and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>King
Jaypida was reportedly paying him one lakh Dinaras a day as his remuneration. </span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b>The most prosperous part of
his activity appears to be during the earlier half of King Jayapida’s long
reign. He is quoted with great respect by later writers . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prof</b>
<b>Daniel Holmes Ingalls , <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the well known Sanskrit scholar from America
writes that<b> J</b></span>ayapida's court was responsible for birthing the
"school of literary criticism in Kashmir “primarily through gems like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Udbhata , Vamana , Damodargupta, and
many more Sanskrit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>scholars .</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many reference surface up in texts of his period
that mention that Udbhata has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>written a
commentary titled </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bhamaha-vivarana</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (also called </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavya-alankara-vivrti</span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">), on Bhamaha’s </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavyalamkara</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Like Abhinavgupta ,
he also wrote a commentary on </span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bharata’s</span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Natyashastra</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Both the works are not
available now. He is also credited<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with
a Kavya: </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kumarasambhava
</span></b></i><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">written in Mahakavi Kalidasa’s style<b> .</b></span></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udbhata’s </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bhamaha-vivarana</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span></i></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> which is an explanation or
commentary on Bhamaha’s </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavyalankara</span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is said to have dealt mainly with</span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alamkara</span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his explanations, he generally followed Bhamaha
and his definitions of certain Poetic principles. What has come down to us is his</span></b><a href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/1_alam/udkass_u.htm" target="_blank"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></i></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kavya-alamkara-sara- samgraha</span></b></i></a><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (a synopsis of the
essence of Kavya Alamkara) clarifying the position of Alamkara principles that
govern the Kavya. The Alamkaras that Udbhata talks about in his </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavya-alamkara-sara-sangraha</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> are almost the same
as those mentioned by Bhamaha in his </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavyalankara</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Udbhata’s work
gained great fame; almost overshadowing the original work of Bhamaha, perhaps
because he remained focused on Alamkara and did not deviate into discussions on
</span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Guna / Dosha</span></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (grammatical purity)
or such other elements of Kavya.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw0qnCxTttlTDx2DRv6cXOZ3WABsJFQT6nMBgqtoSSfU1wjCjk0Seoe7udekaxgb0J3zAN_0gvGs7vXEfWROAXHkXFihASP-qqJCCsgukOYA5WZsK0rsk_iymLe36jKx8Cq1cXG3holOnUubJD1ZqNMt0s76X1drjGILrpWWP3aY4VKiMFqvt9WpsXmhv8/s1000/41nJX95QHrL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="616" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw0qnCxTttlTDx2DRv6cXOZ3WABsJFQT6nMBgqtoSSfU1wjCjk0Seoe7udekaxgb0J3zAN_0gvGs7vXEfWROAXHkXFihASP-qqJCCsgukOYA5WZsK0rsk_iymLe36jKx8Cq1cXG3holOnUubJD1ZqNMt0s76X1drjGILrpWWP3aY4VKiMFqvt9WpsXmhv8/s320/41nJX95QHrL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" width="197" /></a></span></b></div><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He expanded on the forms of Alamkara mentioned by
Bhamaha. For instance; Bhamaha mentioned one kind of </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Atishayokti</span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">hyperbole) while Udbhata distinguishes four
varieties of it. Similarly, in place of Bhamaha’s two forms of </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anuprasa</span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Alliteration)</span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Udbhata describes four. He adds </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Drastanta</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (illustration) and </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kavya-lingana</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(poetical reasoning -where the
sense of a sentence or of a word is represented as a cause of something of
which it becomes an attribute) to the forms of Alamkara-s mentioned by Bhamaha.
While dealing with the varieties of </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anuprasa</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span></i></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Udbhata recognises three
different </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vrttis</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> or modes of
expression. His classification of Alliterations into three classes was based on
the ‘aural-effects’: primary alliterations classed as elegant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">upa-nagarika</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">);</span></i></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ordinary <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">gramya</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),</span></i></b><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and harsh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">parashu</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">).</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udbhata also brought into his work the element of
analysis of the principles involved in the concepts. He explains the
grammatical basis for different forms </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Upama</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (Similes). Here, he
illustrates the forms of resemblance as qualified by different suffixes
like </span></b><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">– </span></b></i><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">vat, – kyac, – kalpap</span></b></i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> etc. He also
differs from Bhamaha on some minor points.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Udbhata’s contribution to
the theory of <b>Rasa (<i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rasa-vada</span></i>)</b>
is more significant. He improved upon the elements of Rasa enumerated <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in <i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Natyashastra</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></b> In his ‘</span><a href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/1_alam/udkass_u.htm" target="_blank"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kavya-alamkara-sara-samgraha</span></b></a><i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">’</span></b></i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> while discussing <i><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rasa-vada-alamkara</span></b></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i></b> the principles of Rasa in
conjunction with the theories of <b>Alamkara<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
(</i><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">santaḥ kavaya iti saṃbandhaḥ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i>
he included the <b>Shanta Rasa (tranquility)</b> to the eight Rasa-s mentioned
by Bharata. Later, <b>Abhinavagupta</b> elaborated on the theories of Rasa and
accepted Shanta, suggested by Udbhata, as the primary or the fundamental Rasa
from which all Rasa-s arise into which all Rasas subside.</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p><i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yigal Bronner</span></b></i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> , Associate Professor at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in Sanskrit poetry and poetics ,
writes this about <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmir’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Udbhata <span class="a"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:-</span></b></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Contrary to the prevailing view, it needs to be pointed out that
the big breakthrough of Kashmiri poetics took place, or at the very least
decisively began, a generation or two before Ananadavardhana This breakthrough
was led by Udbhaṭa (c.800) and, to a lesser extent, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vamana</b>, his colleague at the court of Jayāpīḍa (r. 776-807), and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rudraṭa,</b> who must have followed them by
no more than a couple of decades. “As we learn from Kalhaṇa’s report, King
Jayapida actively recruited intellectuals who belonged to a vast range of
disciplines and philosophical schools in a way that may have encouraged an
inter-disciplinary approach. Indeed, the court was highly tolerant of
these scholars’ denominations, if not actively encouraging diversity
in this area. For example, the list of Pandits of this king ends, or
culminates, with the rising sun of the Buddhist scholar Dharmottara, who we
directly influenced Vamana’s re-thinking of Alamkaras. It is perhaps not
a coincidence that it was here, in this fertile setting that invited thinking
across schools and theologies, that the erosion of boundaries between poetics
and dramaturgy began, and that models from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mimamsa</b>,
Buddhist epistemology, and other disciplines began to be applied to the study
of poetry.It was during this important phase that all the building blocks of
Ānanda’s theory were introduced and Sanskrit poetics dramatically changed its
course, as voices within the tradition testify. The genius of Ānanda’s <i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dhvanyāloka</span></b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (</i><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Light on Suggestion –Dhvani</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">) </i></b>was in the perfect combination of
his predecessors’ building blocks in a uniquely coherent and hence uniquely
powerful – some would say too powerful – package or framework. Having said
that; One needs to recognize that Sanskrit poetics underwent its pivotal
turning point during Jayāpīḍa’s reign and under Udbhaṭa’s lead. It is this
thinker whom Indologists have most misunderstood and neglected, partly, of
course, because of the loss of the bulk of his corpus. But enough has
been preserved or quoted to at least begin to understand his true impact.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">According to Kalhaṇa’s account, which is unique in its wealth of
details, the king appointed numerous poets’ laureate and even assigned some of
them to high government posts. Indeed, the two highest offices went to the
literary theorists who are the focus of this essay: Vamana, who was made
a minister or ouncilor to the king (<i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">mantrin</span></i>), and Udbhaṭa, who was installed as the chief
scholar in his assembly (<i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sabh</span></i>ā<i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">pati</span></i>), the highest academic placement in the kingdom.
Kalhaṇa even mentions Udbhaṭa’s astronomical remuneration in the only report
in his chronicle of the wages paid to an academic: an
extraordinary sum .<span class="a"><b>”</b></span></span></p>
<p><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The credit for making Udbhata known goes to G. Buhler who undertook , his famous tour in Kashmir in 1875, and brought to light many valuable works on poetry, rhetorics and history. of Kashmir. </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The
credit of laying the plan for a systematic exposition of the Science of Poetics
in Sanskrit literature goes (in some measure) primarily </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">to </span><b style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Udbhata
of Kashmir .</b></p>
<p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Avtar Mota )</span></b></p>
<p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PS</span></b></p>
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</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kashmir has made the largest contribution to poetics or Alamkarasastra
(Rhetorics). The majority of famous rhetoricians of India belong to Kashmir.
Vamana (7th century A.D.), the founder of the Riti School, wrote
Kavyalankaravritti. Udbhatta (8th century A.D.), the expounder of the theory of
three Vrittis, wrote Alankarasarasamgraha and Bhamavivarm. Rudratta (9th
century), the expounder of the theory of three figures, wrote Kavyalankara.
Anandavardhana (9th century), the founder of the School of Doctrine of Dhvani
(Suggestion), wrote Dhvanyaloka. Mamatta (11th century), the upholder of the
theory of Rasa (Sentiment), wrote Kavyaprakasa. Abhinavagupta (11th century),
the expounder of the theory of Rasadhvam, wrote Dhvanyalokalohcana,
Mahimbhatta, who held the view that Dhvani could always be reduced to
inference, (Anumana), wrote Vyaktiviveka. Ruyyaka (12th century), who asserts
Dhvanikara's view and accepts the principle of Vakroktijivita, wrote Alankara
Sarvasva and a commentary on Kavyaprakasa. Ksemendra, who was both a poet and a
critic, and laid down the theory that propriety is essential to sentiment,
wrote Aucityavichara and Kavikanthabharana. All these renowned rhetoricians,
besides Kayyatha, Alleta and others, hail from Kashmir. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kashmiri critics built up the twin disciplines of <a href="https://www.indianetzone.com/46/alankara.htm" title="Alankara"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alankara</span></a> and Natyashastras- Rudrata, Sankuka, Anandavardhana,
Candri Kakora Bhatta Nayaka, Bhatta Tota, Bhattenduraj, <a href="https://www.indianetzone.com/28/abhinavagupta_indian_saint.htm" title="Abhinavagupta"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abhinavagupta</span></a>, Kuntaka, Mahima Bhatta, Kshemendra,
Mammatta, Allata, Tilaka, Ruyyaka, Sobhakara, Jayadratha- who evolved original
theories about the soul or the essence of the artistic expression and clarified
and illuminated the different aspects of appeal in poetry and drama. There were
some noteworthy writers in this field outside Kashmir, but the Dhvani and
Rasadhvani doctrine expounded by Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta eclipsed by
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> According to certain evidences, <a href="https://www.indianetzone.com/16/patanjali.htm" title="Patanjali"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Patanjali</span></a>, the commentator of Panini's Astadhyayi (the first
treatise on Sanskrit Grammar) was a Kashmiri, so was Pingala, the author of
Pingala Sutra (a treatise on Metrics and Prosody). There are so many remarkable
writers of Kashmir who have contributed to scientific subjects like Astronomy,
Medicine, Agriculture Architecture, and other arts. For instance Charaka, the
author of a well-known Medical Treatise, <a href="https://www.indianetzone.com/20/charaka_samhita.htm" title="Charaka Samhita"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Charaka Samhita</span></a>, according
to some evidences, belonged to Kashmir. A comprehensive Sanskrit treatise on
Agricultural Science (Krisi Shastra), namely
Kasapa-munikathita-Kasyapiya-Krisi-sukti is ascribed to Kashyapa, a well-known
sage of Kashmir</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some basic terms in the science of poetics<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>upon which Kashmirian scholars have worked
hard are as under:-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ALANKAR
OR ALAMKAR</span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alankar is a figure of speech which means <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ornaments or adornments</span>. Just like the
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>women use ornaments to enhance their beauty,
Alankar is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are used essentially to
enhance the beauty of a poem. <span class="hgkelc">The Alankara Shastra is <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the traditional Indian science of aesthetics
that deals with the principles and techniques of literary composition and
ornamentation</span>. It is an important aspect of Indian literary criticism
and aims to enhance the beauty and expressiveness of literary works</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RASA
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
Rasa literally means "juice, essence or taste". It connotes a concept
in Indian arts about the aesthetic flavour of any visual, literary or musical
work that evokes an emotion or feeling in the reader or audience but cannot be
described. The aesthetic <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pleasure or
bliss seen in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poetics is termed as Rasa. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>English
language ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is translated <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> as aesthetic enjoyment, aesthetic bliss,
poetic pleasure,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">poetic
relish, poetic delight, poetic delectation</span> etc.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Rasa</span> (aesthetic experience)
secures for us this unique delight by kindling dispassion.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">According
to Bharata Muni ( author of Natya-shastra ), in art, Rasa can be tasted like
food. Any art that does not produce Rasa is not art. Rasa mediates between the
creation and the onlooker or the listener . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to him, the onlooker or the
listener<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gets a feeling or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brahm—Anubhuti
</b>( feel of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Divine ) if the artist
abides strictly to Rasa theory in his creative activity. The delight of
Brahm-Anubhuti is everlasting bliss for the listener or the onlooker .</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DHVANI</span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The kind of poetry where the word and
its meaning giving up their explicit sense and suggest only the said implicit
meaning</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is signified by the name Dhvani or suggestive poetry.<i> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dhvani</span> (poetic suggestion) is
the vehicle that leads connoisseurs to <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rasa</span> by assisting them in recreating the emotional picture
produced by the poet. <span class="hgkelc">Dhvani kavya is defined by
Anandavardhana as wherein the conventional meaning renders itself secondary or
the conventional word renders its meaning secondary and suggests the implied or
intended meaning is designated as Dhvani or suggestive poetry.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RITI</span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The concept of Riti was highlighted by Dandin and Vamana in
Sanskrit Poetics . Theory of Riti relates to the particular arrangement of
sounds combined with poetic excellence. Riti is <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the going or the flowing together of the elements of a poem</span>. The
language and its structural form lead us to the inner core of poetry. <span class="hgkelc">During Ritikavya or Ritismagra Kavya period, the erotic element
became predominant in the Indian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>literature. This era is called Riti (meaning 'procedure') because it was
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the age when poetic figures and theory
were developed to the fullest.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AUCHITYA
</span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Auchitya is that <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">proper placing of things in such a manner
that is perfect to arouse Rasa and to avoid certain things that are not
suitable to provoke Rasa</span>. This is only the essence of poetic / artistic
expression which is called Auchitya. It is stated as jivita, the life-breath of
Kavya the poetry.</span></span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span class="hgkelc">Auchitya is defined as harmony and in one
aspect it is the proportion between the whole and the parts, between the chief
and the subsidiary. This is one of the theories that is commonly accepted by
all poets without any argument. This theory is also known as the “Theory of Coordination”.
Some scholars consider <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poet <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kshemendra
of Kashmir </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as the father of Auchitya
theory in Sanskrit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Literature.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">’Auchitya-Vichaar –Charcha’ </b>is his
famous work.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">VAKROKTI</span></b></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The word 'Vakrokti' is comprised
of two words 'vakra' and 'ukti'. The former component means indirect, crooked
or unique and the later component means poetic expression or speech. Thereby
the literal meaning of 'Vakrokti' is <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">indirect
or crooked speech; arch or evasive speech</span>.</span></span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span class="hgkelc">As an Alamkara Vakrokti was very inclusive to Bhamaha. He included
all types of Alamkara under the term of Vakrokti. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">According to Bhamaha Vakrokti is the soul of poetry.</span></span> <span class="hgkelc">Vakrokti <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">emphasizes that
both the content and form should be equally aesthetic; the emphasis is on their
unity</span>. It is the perfect harmony between the expression and the
expressed in respect of beauty and promoting aesthetic experience.</span> <span class="hgkelc">In <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ancient Indian poetic
tradition</span> Vakrokti (obliquity) is considered one of the most important
poetic devices which brings about delight in the heart of competent reader. The
theorists of Alamkara tradition included Vakrokti among the various types of
Alamkara</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-81533642673646393532024-03-19T10:30:00.012+05:302024-03-26T23:02:33.742+05:30 MARATHAS IN JAMMU<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhungY7TFeIHIM41cTOCeUIfp6P4IgZ0Ow0tN9y4Jykk2G_pL9T1LiwRZn8ovC8uk500GRVCqLx0kUP9-_uC0Dx3Xr10JYksoghh9dttl5aza5gGvlb22DmKGTDxicoD3CxiVWPQch5fFBJBrZ6Ieykr2zjcAjFtVHOuJ8LI9QkQ2otVXpslDwrv4riRfw/s550/IMG_20240319_100657.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="550" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhungY7TFeIHIM41cTOCeUIfp6P4IgZ0Ow0tN9y4Jykk2G_pL9T1LiwRZn8ovC8uk500GRVCqLx0kUP9-_uC0Dx3Xr10JYksoghh9dttl5aza5gGvlb22DmKGTDxicoD3CxiVWPQch5fFBJBrZ6Ieykr2zjcAjFtVHOuJ8LI9QkQ2otVXpslDwrv4riRfw/s320/IMG_20240319_100657.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><div> ( Photo Bahu Fort ,Jammu ) </div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MARATHAS IN JAMMU</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded India for eight times between 1748 and 1767, following the collapse of Mughal Empire. To maintain his huge army created by Nadir Shah for invasions, Ahmed Shah Abdali also plundered wealth from many temples in India including Vrindavan, Mathura, Varanasi and Golden Temple . Apart from Marathas, the Sikhs also gave toughest fight and resistance to Afghans in many battles and plunder campaigns. The valour of Baba Deep Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia ,Hari Singh Nalwa and many more is well recorded .In 1757, Jat prince Jawahar Singh with 5000 men had also offered tough resistance against Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces near Mathura .</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Balaji Bajirao alias Nanasaheb was the Peshwa of Maratha Empire when Abdali attacked India in 1761. Bajirao was very capable leader who rather than depending on old leadership of Marathas promoted young and aggressive military commanders like Holkar, Shinde, Dabhade, Gaikwad under his rule.Bajiro was heavenly born cavalry leader and perhaps the best ever cavalry general in the history of Indian subcontinent followed by Rajput legend Bappa Rawal, his cavalry was as effective as that of Mongols. Every 2 riders would have 3 horses and would change their horse after respective horse is exhausted.Marathas were a cavalry heavy force under Bajirao.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the battle fought by Maratha army against the invader Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1761 at Panipat, Marathas were defeated due to superiority of Afghan armoury. However, the Marathas gave the toughest fight in which about 40,000 Marathas lost their life. The Afghans lost about 30000 soldiers . There was an explicit instruction from Maratha ruler to his forces to return with victory news only. Consequently , after the defeat of 1761, many Maratha soldiers moved to hilly principalities of Punjab and Jammu and lived there for the remaining part of their lives .Many a Brahmin soldiers became Sanyasin or priests for livelihood . One can trace many such people with Maratha ancestry in these places .<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Some of the Marathas
were taken to Afghanistan as prisoners after the war</span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">. Members of the
descendants of prisoners of wars can still be found at least in Bugti and Marri
tribal areas of Baluchistan.</span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> In Jammu and Himachal Pradesh, some people with surnames ; Sathe ,Ranade , Agnihotri, Padhye( Padha) ,Pant and Pawar could possibly be from this linkage . The background of Dogri short story writer Bhagwat Prasad Sathe confirms my belief.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Bhaskar Rao Sathe, the ancestor of Bhagwat Prasad Sathe fought Abdali's forces at Panipat as member of Maratha army. After the defeat of Maratha troops , he moved to Ramnagar( Jammu ) and settled there. The Dogra Rajput Raja appointed him as priest and Kathavachak. One day , during a religious congregation at Purmandal ,Bhaskar Rao Sathe met his son whom alongwith other members of his family, Bhasker had kept at Varanasi. It was in Varanasi that the son had learnt about his father's presence in Jammu hills. A Sadhu had advised him to go to Purmandal and try his luck to trace his father as Sadhus from the length and breadth of the country would be present over there on a particular auspicious day. And there the son met his father. A male member from this Sathe clan married a Brahmin girl from Bijbihara and the family were entrusted the priesthood duties of the Shiva temple built on main highway by Dogra rulers in Bijbihara .Bhagwat Prasad Sathe , the doyen of Dogri prose is from this Sathe clan of Marathas. Similar could be the story of some Upadhye or Pawar or Pant or Ranade families of Jammu. I happened to know one Ranade family in Basholi during the period I headed the Basholi branch of Punjab National Bank. I am also informed that Baru Brahmins of Jammu are from Assam .</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Bhagwat Prasad was born in December
1910 at Ramnagar, a small town in the lower Siwaliks, about 30 miles to the
east of Jammu. Situated on a plateau 2700 ft above the sea level, it has a
salubrious climate and a beautiful setting among hills and streams. Ramnagar
had been the capital of Bandral Rajput rulers till the beginning of the 19th
century. </span></span>Like true Kshatriyas, the Dogra Rajput rulers of Jammu welcomed all essentially, traders, priests, artists, artisans and people who could contribute towards prosperity and development .<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->The scholarship of Jamrnu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogras was Hindu Sanatana Dharma-oriented. The
Rajas of Jammu had been deeply religious people believing in , the doctrine of “Atithi
Devo Bhavah” and they and their queens had numerous temples built, making Jammu
a city of temples.
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">There is a Dogri folk song that gives a hint about the desire of every young man to serve Dogra Rajput Rajas of Jammu for their benevolent conduct :-</div><div><br /></div><div>" Kuthaan di karni adiya chakri</div><div>Kuthaan di hai muhim( wife to husband )</div><div>Jammu dhi karni adiye chakri..( husband to wife) "</div><div><br /></div><div>(Where do you want to serve ,my love </div><div>where do you plan to go?</div><div>I want to serve Jammu Kingdom ,my love)</div><div><br /></div><div>So long so much , Next time more ..</div><div><br /></div><div>.( Avtar Mota)</div></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-28583077493967270432024-03-17T11:18:00.003+05:302024-03-17T11:18:31.756+05:30MARRIAGE INVITATION CARD OF THE GRANDSON OF SAINT POET MASTER ZINDA KAUL OF KASHMIR <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpQKotm8TfCQrrb5u__76e-yNObJerPMoNJGo3gEnfPGk6BDSl_HrOPQSgeb5YtRvfMJr4QplQCU0SLCRob-sorwtQ8t8jSXM4juHl3Skh_4hMQfR-pDD-sRjVpNa_NvlYlj3vZD-eiZWXKQNChNsIZ1cIFrs_yDmEvJGnb1M_WzxQBDf7jnd6QVWqqojs/s631/images%20(78).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="486" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpQKotm8TfCQrrb5u__76e-yNObJerPMoNJGo3gEnfPGk6BDSl_HrOPQSgeb5YtRvfMJr4QplQCU0SLCRob-sorwtQ8t8jSXM4juHl3Skh_4hMQfR-pDD-sRjVpNa_NvlYlj3vZD-eiZWXKQNChNsIZ1cIFrs_yDmEvJGnb1M_WzxQBDf7jnd6QVWqqojs/s320/images%20(78).jpeg" width="246" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPTxEyRJr4GN_Z5tCwDLkyNw3g2fdt9Q5tZLfEs_l8VlgKgDvoEZ4PFMyk0UthlCgiCknrZiqFjG3hH_mhqdG88Z4M-xtk_LI8XxOSNJSbr4GD_ptxangghBRebGB19V4wxPv9MPjFnu89j5OvDK5GpTWkX6rqwizEyeP9rzqBCTbTnf1UhkdfqBf6pYks/s528/FB_IMG_1710654321513.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="528" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPTxEyRJr4GN_Z5tCwDLkyNw3g2fdt9Q5tZLfEs_l8VlgKgDvoEZ4PFMyk0UthlCgiCknrZiqFjG3hH_mhqdG88Z4M-xtk_LI8XxOSNJSbr4GD_ptxangghBRebGB19V4wxPv9MPjFnu89j5OvDK5GpTWkX6rqwizEyeP9rzqBCTbTnf1UhkdfqBf6pYks/s320/FB_IMG_1710654321513.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MARRIAGE INVITATION CARD OF THE GRANDSON OF SAINT POET MASTER ZINDA KAUL OF KASHMIR.</div><div><br /></div><div>" Bhagwaan soan boozin</div><div>Assi aash tchaen roozin </div><div>Hyaath vaansie maeji maalis</div><div>Las myaani joogie raayo…………….( Master Zinda Kaul )</div><div> </div><div>(Let God listen to my prayers </div><div>Let you always be in my hopes.</div><div>Carrying your father and mother with you </div><div> May you live for a full age, my Yogiraj ……)</div><div><br /></div><div> Who does not love this simplicity and sincerity in marriages that had no pomp and show? No lavish dinners or receptions. No loud DJ music and no body-shaking dance. In the recent past ,marriages in Kashmir were mostly a close family and relation affair with complete involvement of neighbours. Outside guests would be entertained with a cup of tea and snacks. The snacks would be Mathi, Daal-moongra , Samosa , a piece of Barfi or Gulab Jamun. Kebabs / Paneer Pakodas came late and were considered a luxury. This practice continued till early 1970s. </div><div><br /></div><div>This invitation from Master Ji's family reads this:- </div><div><br /></div><div> “ Om -Bhagwan … Assi chhu Balkrishnas Vaarkaar nether… Tohi kariv na soan dwaar pavitar …Chaaya khosa Cheyiv 5 november 1960 shaman 4 baje …Divgon ta maenzraat chhe 6 November… ta baraat neri 7 november subhan 8 baje .”</div><div><br /></div><div>(With the grace of God, a marriage is being solemnised in our family. Would not you come to sanctify our entrance? Do come to have a Khasu (cup ) of tea on 5th November 1960 at 4 PM. Devgon and Mehndiraat are being solemnised on 6th November. The Baraat shall leave at 8 AM on 7th November.</div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota )</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-88659653215917692032024-03-15T19:16:00.005+05:302024-03-17T07:39:34.361+05:30 WAS KALIDASA BORN IN KASHMIR ?<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkLniSJjtN1x9c3cEGsrOqCSKlfbxd4VLfH0WP3TVH2962lWmCnMn3ShaTkrnI-_Kbzw4P2qxU2HI_Dr3zbVMKBhG-q4SErBb5UD6x75EK-h6O62E9lxvQIkUHn8T00SZv9C5wue7aOEWWLk5_nP0RfXKJchO04SFUFpx98AqrXmfacwd0MDH6kdAZkDto/s277/FB_IMG_1710510291329.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="277" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkLniSJjtN1x9c3cEGsrOqCSKlfbxd4VLfH0WP3TVH2962lWmCnMn3ShaTkrnI-_Kbzw4P2qxU2HI_Dr3zbVMKBhG-q4SErBb5UD6x75EK-h6O62E9lxvQIkUHn8T00SZv9C5wue7aOEWWLk5_nP0RfXKJchO04SFUFpx98AqrXmfacwd0MDH6kdAZkDto/s1600/FB_IMG_1710510291329.jpg" width="277" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WAS KALIDASA BORN IN KASHMIR ?</div><div><div><br /></div><div>Kalidasa is considered the Indian Shakespeare and the Prince of Indian Poets.. He is well known as the greatest poet of all time. For something like fifteen hundred years, Kalidasa has been more widely read in India than any other author who wrote in Sanskrit. There have also been many attempts to express in words the secret of his abiding power: such attempts can never be wholly successful, yet they are not without considerable interest. Kalidasa’s knowledge of nature is not only sympathetic, it is also minutely accurate. Not only are the snows or the windy music of the Himalayas and the mighty current of the sacred Ganges, his possessions are also smaller streams and trees and every littlest flower. Kalidasa’s birth and death are notably not recorded in any of the books, but some hypothetical years of estimation are made. The birthplace of the great poet is also a mystery.</div><div><br /></div><div>Lakshmi Dhar Kalla (1891-1953 ) a Sanskrit Scholar from Kashmir has written a book wherein he tries to trace the birthplace of Kavi Kalidasa based on the critical study of his writings. He concludes that Kalidasa was born in Kashmir and moved to the South in his youth where he sought the patronage of local rulers. This is exactly what happened with the family of Sharangdeva (1210-1247 AD) , the author of the famous Sangeet Ratnakara who was a Kashmiri and moved to the South. The evidence cited by Kalla to conclude Kalidasa’s Kashmiri ancestry includes:-</div><div><br /></div><div>(a) Description of flora and fauna in the works of the great poet belongs to Kashmir and not Ujjain, Mithila or Odisha as is generally believed to be associated with the birth of the great poet.</div><div>(b) The mention of Saffron and saffron plants at some places in the works of the great poet links him to Kashmir.</div><div>(c) The mention of the Deodar tree in some places links his birthplace to the Himalayan region only.</div><div>(d) The mention of musk deer ( Kastoori in Kashmir ) at some places in the works of the great poet.</div><div>(e) His works reveal descriptions of geographical features like tarns and glades that are common to Kashmir.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">(f) </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Reference to certain legends of Kashmiri origin, such as that of the Nikumbha (mentioned in the Kashmiri text </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Nilamata Purana</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">) and mention (in </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Shakuntala</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">) of the legend about Kashmir being created from a lake. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">(g) </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Shakuntala</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: robotoregular; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> is an allegorical dramatization of Pratyabhijna philosophy (a branch of Kashmir Shaivism). Kalla further argues that this branch was not known outside of Kashmir at that time.</span></div><div><br /></div><div>From my knowledge and study of some translations of the great poet, I am inclined to add this:-</div><div><br /></div><div>(a) The major epic written by Kalidas is – Kumarasambhava . .Kumarasambhava contains many poems on the birth history of goddess Parvati implying Kalidasa’s belief in Shaivism.</div><div>(b) He is praised by some great Kashmiri poets, scholars and writers including Mammata, Anandhvardhana and Abhinavgupta. His poetic style impacted subsequent Sanskrit poets of Kashmir.</div><div>(c) He wrote a Khandakavya on Ritusamhara which describes six seasons. Kashmir also has six seasons, each two months in duration. These can be summed up as:-</div><div>1. Spring - From March 15 to May 15. Known as Soant in Kashmiri </div><div>2. Summer - From May 15 to July 15. Known as Greeshim in Kashmiri </div><div>3. Rainy Season - From July 15 to Sept. 15. Known as Vaharaat in Kashmiri </div><div>4. Autumn - From Sept. 15 to Nov. 15. Known as Harud in Kashmiri </div><div>5. Winter - From Nov. 15 to Jan 15. Known as Vandha in Kashmiri </div><div>6. Ice cold - From Jan. 15 to March 15. Known as Shishur in Kashmiri </div><div><br /></div><div>There could be more reasons to link Kalidasa to Kashmir but the subject needs deeper research before arriving at any authentic conclusion.</div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota )</div></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-88348240252032133532024-03-14T14:05:00.008+05:302024-03-24T15:01:14.450+05:30MY NEW BOOK "ELEVEN UNFORGETTABLE TRAVELLERS TO KASHMIR " <div><br /></div><div> </div><div><br /></div><div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBv9B-BW8ynBy2OWhojwAn6_HqNDz2tb1jLeVlDmusDBffzpyquHT7wRezphAw28M5B41MrNSlLMuJYXfBhEA9DekMFJyidEtVcrNJb67XVM5sdhkorysMvzhTARSITTgenCzALeEM1RPEWV62lvWv8_p0pqdtmQ6I_h9UsGtFmqaswRr3VATXkKwthCHy/s1000/71wK62xDFjL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBv9B-BW8ynBy2OWhojwAn6_HqNDz2tb1jLeVlDmusDBffzpyquHT7wRezphAw28M5B41MrNSlLMuJYXfBhEA9DekMFJyidEtVcrNJb67XVM5sdhkorysMvzhTARSITTgenCzALeEM1RPEWV62lvWv8_p0pqdtmQ6I_h9UsGtFmqaswRr3VATXkKwthCHy/s320/71wK62xDFjL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" width="213" /></a></div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSPc2iw7Q45VQcEuF_ZN401tiRvZoKpRueAif_E2YQKkgdy9uMVX9btSit4Sdp5OsL7lCY1uc3S3_QLA4pt0ppTxSdmLqtkLnlBB5ZWRgGylRmyFQ9oy9jCeIEoj0dmrXkrhQCMC2RGV_mRkyQOIAj1A1hSXGtwmUOEPPiZS1YsPl17tr851yYrFTcKNb/s400/gE52P89k.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSPc2iw7Q45VQcEuF_ZN401tiRvZoKpRueAif_E2YQKkgdy9uMVX9btSit4Sdp5OsL7lCY1uc3S3_QLA4pt0ppTxSdmLqtkLnlBB5ZWRgGylRmyFQ9oy9jCeIEoj0dmrXkrhQCMC2RGV_mRkyQOIAj1A1hSXGtwmUOEPPiZS1YsPl17tr851yYrFTcKNb/s320/gE52P89k.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>"ELEVEN UNFORGETTABLE TRAVELLERS TO KASHMIR " by Avtar Mota</div><div>Published in March 2024</div><div>Price Rs360/=</div><div><br /></div><div>What Amazon says about the book </div><div><br /></div><div>"The book gives fascinating details of eleven visitors to the Kashmir valley who were the most influential personalities from the fields of literature, archaeology, social service, cinema, modern healthcare, modern education, etc. The personalities included are Gandhi Ji, Vinoba Bhave Tagore, Swami Vivekananda, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Dilip Kumar, David Lean, V S Naipaul, Cecil Tyndale Biscoe, Aurel Stein and Neve Brothers ( the doctors who brought modern allopathic medicine and surgery to Kashmir ). Every chapter is full of historical anecdotes and rare information about their stay and activities. The book is a treasure trove of information about Kashmir . Anything that one wants to know about Kashmir in the 20th century is available in the chapters of this book."</div><div><br /></div><div> What Parvez Dewan (IAS ) writes about the book .</div><div><br /></div><div>" I am fascinated by this book of Avtar Mota . The foremost chronicler of the social history of Kashmir in the 1800s and 1900s brings alive that era through the eyes of the father of our nation, two Nobel laureates, the greatest Swami of modern times, titans of British and Indian cinema, a legendary European archaeologist and eminent Britons who served Kashmir." </div><div><br /></div><div>The book has been reviewed Ashok Ogra ,well known media personality and writer. This is the link to the review published in the Sunday edition of the Daily Excelsior Newspaper on 24th of March 2024. The review is also available on Facebook page of Ashok Ogra.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Musings on Influential Travellers to Kashmir https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/musings-on-influential-travellers-to-kashmir/</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.facebook.com/100005710839561/posts/pfbid0VCkRnAWXhAfpyNociQwuKQ5FcDbrJhsvcRRf2ntgDe47axnbcA2tHfT2g7eSnatkl/</div><div><br /></div><div>Available in India </div><div><br /></div><div>(1)</div><div>https://izband.in/product/30826516/ELEVEN-UNFORGETTABLE-TRAVELLERS-TO-KASHMIR---AVTAR-MOTA-</div><div>(2)</div><div>Amazon link .....</div><div>https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0CVNFH7PW</div><div>(3)</div><div>Flipkart link.....</div><div>https://www.flipkart.com/eleven-unforgettable-travellers-kashmir/p/itma1839138adad0?pid=9798892774314&affid=editornoti</div><div>(4)</div><div>Notion Press link ....</div><div>https://notionpress.com/read/eleven-unforgettable-travellers-to-kashmir</div><div><br /></div><div>(5) </div><div>Rohit Pandita 9596976373 ( WhatsApp ) with special discount .</div><div>.</div><div>Available on Amazon worldwide</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) USA link...</div><div>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CVFVXNC3</div><div>(2) Canada link ....</div><div>https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B0CVFVXNC3</div><div>(3) UK link .....</div><div>https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0CVFVXNC3</div><div>(4)France link.....</div><div>https://www.amazon.fr/dp/B0CVFVXNC3</div><div>(5) Australia link ...</div><div>https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B0CVFVXNC3</div><div><br /></div><div>(Avtar Mota )</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-37491590355180212152024-03-10T22:43:00.008+05:302024-03-12T00:26:40.365+05:30CHARAN-SPARSH OR TOUCHING FEET OF ELDERS / SAINTS/ TEACHERS IN INDIAN CULTURE <div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbJkhl1rMz4KshfWusrbCheS3vlHBUDwqQcCIcurQ8oGYsCzyDx6oXkU1IpKBTS5cYDHKou3ZmQxEJqauOqqzWA6McMeFKzaLzMmhWUydigcFSOCEcxU6F2mYaF2GungBhIERvQ4RnbiMoOsvjdro8fl_-hdbPxaJgfoZtFjL1T03SsiNvkUc0tzT5dsx/s1026/main-qimg-929c120a8744ad2e16f6a9f335286995-lq.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="602" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbJkhl1rMz4KshfWusrbCheS3vlHBUDwqQcCIcurQ8oGYsCzyDx6oXkU1IpKBTS5cYDHKou3ZmQxEJqauOqqzWA6McMeFKzaLzMmhWUydigcFSOCEcxU6F2mYaF2GungBhIERvQ4RnbiMoOsvjdro8fl_-hdbPxaJgfoZtFjL1T03SsiNvkUc0tzT5dsx/s320/main-qimg-929c120a8744ad2e16f6a9f335286995-lq.jpeg" width="188" /></a></div> ( Infosys Chairman touching feet of Ratan Tata)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnQuKjcD0wdxCgckZoWHxwshpaGqURHLVRABLxMleQsL1ALnwsrj2mJRtoD17TwvxaZ0T9_4bgbSUD_vHajBrTp6BznFtsHLHppVu68eUCtqvwmwwCPWq3dG0w0HryXrvMSOlBPYIY2pwMy9N14MPJeCfAK4fbAGraISoEdO2SIrmjc2k_4Zt1munxBpB/s602/main-qimg-32eb5e87cf5123b43b6c1f739a2fa816-lq.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="602" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnQuKjcD0wdxCgckZoWHxwshpaGqURHLVRABLxMleQsL1ALnwsrj2mJRtoD17TwvxaZ0T9_4bgbSUD_vHajBrTp6BznFtsHLHppVu68eUCtqvwmwwCPWq3dG0w0HryXrvMSOlBPYIY2pwMy9N14MPJeCfAK4fbAGraISoEdO2SIrmjc2k_4Zt1munxBpB/s320/main-qimg-32eb5e87cf5123b43b6c1f739a2fa816-lq.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div> ( PM Modi touching feet of his mother )<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrHBSZ8Z2NFodNgT5SaerTAeT_AvuyRJ3Z4fUmUdgWFzptdYONO7qB4ZRfKdBhTdfgcKmVl8RfvU00yM8ta6YDsiOJduYfq6zoomQNrKZ3q9j274TeNW7X4Fjm59evNJbChrgNvxRgvWelZCf_mGs2knnAtxhimvEWZx3XF7v-mS8GvO3LT_FPm40v4ge/s604/main-qimg-cde4aefd27ca8c8ce6b556a71ccde447-lq.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="602" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrHBSZ8Z2NFodNgT5SaerTAeT_AvuyRJ3Z4fUmUdgWFzptdYONO7qB4ZRfKdBhTdfgcKmVl8RfvU00yM8ta6YDsiOJduYfq6zoomQNrKZ3q9j274TeNW7X4Fjm59evNJbChrgNvxRgvWelZCf_mGs2knnAtxhimvEWZx3XF7v-mS8GvO3LT_FPm40v4ge/s320/main-qimg-cde4aefd27ca8c8ce6b556a71ccde447-lq.jpeg" width="319" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFifznYb_ul9QUAxrm8MeFJJy4c-Z-8bBHDNJfY0bJP5kBNCMAtzzBUVs40H0QLw2qkS_9ZAeqYFdW-d87YRdki7lD_WXCEDIAd7LjIADKUh4jmfD2N3UIcXPKiko6pADfhiFGGAja8OxqY7So1pEWfd1esnx3yMqMq_mFhPbDj1rtkM2LInVxO6lGXQAg/s445/IMG_20240310_212318.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="291" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFifznYb_ul9QUAxrm8MeFJJy4c-Z-8bBHDNJfY0bJP5kBNCMAtzzBUVs40H0QLw2qkS_9ZAeqYFdW-d87YRdki7lD_WXCEDIAd7LjIADKUh4jmfD2N3UIcXPKiko6pADfhiFGGAja8OxqY7So1pEWfd1esnx3yMqMq_mFhPbDj1rtkM2LInVxO6lGXQAg/s320/IMG_20240310_212318.jpg" width="209" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">( Sukhbir Badal touching feet of Balbir Singh )</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNIqyFi03pdL3fNAgMJFa4Xc5lKXdeSnpIYb8UGw48_SQ0NkKaKsv6cxqhcDLTNYlDmDzCM2bp8OpgSL71WBSsPUC3AKWdXg9sXb9HTW32QNIyWiTiGUjlk6fr3DXD7r9DidJwAv7xCgyjvczrWWlfjKTmDSxKDmDQzxtZN7-B_b6QLl9pfdFwPLPL-Lnn/s679/IMG_20240310_224448.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="679" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNIqyFi03pdL3fNAgMJFa4Xc5lKXdeSnpIYb8UGw48_SQ0NkKaKsv6cxqhcDLTNYlDmDzCM2bp8OpgSL71WBSsPUC3AKWdXg9sXb9HTW32QNIyWiTiGUjlk6fr3DXD7r9DidJwAv7xCgyjvczrWWlfjKTmDSxKDmDQzxtZN7-B_b6QLl9pfdFwPLPL-Lnn/s320/IMG_20240310_224448.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">( Actor Rajnikant touching feet of Yogi Adityanath ) </div><br /></div><div>
<p dir="ltr">CHARAN-SPARSH OR TOUCHING FEET OF ELDERS / SAINTS/ TEACHERS IN INDIAN CULTURE .</p>
<p dir="ltr">As children , we were taught Charan Sparash or touching feet of our elders or saints or teachers or people with rich worldly experience . I remember as and when I went to some saint or some temple with mother , she would repeatedly remind me about it in Kashmiri saying , " paran pezi ta aahi mangizeus " or " " you must bow and seek blessings " . </p>
<p dir="ltr">In India, touching feet of elders is a common gesture. It is done to give respect to elders and seek their blessings. Known as Charan-Sparsh, it is practised in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh cultural traditions. Falling in Pranam ( pra means forward anam means bending in Sanskrit ) , it is a form of greeting our elders. Like Namaste , it is another popular form of greeting elders , saints, and worldly experienced people . <br /><br /></p><p dir="ltr">
Charan -Sparsh finds clear mention in the dialogue between Yaksha and Yudhishthira in Mahabharata . Yaksha went on asking him questions on various concepts of Dharma and Yudhishthira answered it successfully and revived his brothers too. The Yaksha then revealed that he was none other than Lord Yama .At this Yudhishthira bowed and touched the feet of Dharam-Raja or Lord Yama.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The Atharva Veda says that when you touch the feet of the elders you are acknowledging that you are respecting their knowledge and you will be carrying forward their teachings to the next generation . It also says that the process of learning is incomplete until you start it with touching the feet of the teacher and also end it by touching the feet of the teacher or Guru</p>
<p dir="ltr">Even in Ramayana one sees Sri Rama touching the feet of his mother and father and sages he meets. We also see Sita touching the feet of sage Valmiki.During Navratras , as Hindus perform Kanya Pujan, they touch the feet of little girls worshipping them as goddess durga full of positive energy .According to the Bhagavad Gita, one needs to pay obeisance or touch the feet of superiors like father ,mother, spiritual teachers, saintly people, divine bodies and or all the above.(BG 17.14) <br />
In cultural terms, it means "respectful salutation" or "reverential bowing" , usually elders or teachers or someone highly respected for his knowledge ,wisdom or wordly experience. In Hindu scriptures, there are stories of many Rishis having performed Shiva's Charan Sparsh at Mount Kailasha . Accordingly, Charansparsh in Kailash Mansarovar Yatra means touching the feet of the lord Shiva. To do that, countless individuals have made every effort to reach the summit of this peak, and they have yet to succeed.</p>
<p dir="ltr">While Manusmriti vehemently and strongly recommends touching feet of elders, Guru, parents, grand parents, Shloka 2 . 214 suggests that male Shishyas should not touch the feet of their Guru's young wife .</p>
<p dir="ltr">In Sikh scriptures the feet of the Guru are considered sacred. Like Hindu scriptures, they are comparable to a lotus flower and often referred to as 'Guru Ke Charan Kamal '. In all forms of Buddhist belief, prostration is an accepted norm to show respect and regard to an enlightened teachers and Avalokiteshvara , <b>the earthly manifestation of the self-born eternal Buddha Amitabha.</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">Charan-Sparsha is also practised by Shishyas ( students ) in Guru -Shishya parampara of learning . I have seen many musicians performing it. Sitar maestro , Pandit Ravi Shankar has been often seen touching the feet of Baba Allaudin Khan , his Guru .I have also seen videos of Infosys Chairman Sri Narayan Murti bowing and touching feet of Ratan Tata, PM Narendra Modi touching the feet of his mother or L K Advani and almost every disciple touching the feet of Shehnai player Ustad Bismillah Khan. I have also seen photographs of actor Rajnikant touching feet of Yogi Adityanath or Sukhbir Badal touching feet of elderly Balbir Singh , eminent hockey player of the country. <br />
<br />
In Indian culture, children from a small age are taught to touch the feet of their elders that includes parents ,grandparents and elderly relations or acquaintances . A spirit of humility, surrender and respect for elders is taught to them right from teenage. I have also noticed that before commencing any job or leaving for work, people touch the feet of elders to seek their good wishes and blessings .It is believed that when a person bows down to touch the feet of elders, his ego vanishes . This vanishing ego has twin effects. It brings smile on the face of the elder and also gives a unique pleasure and humility to the person who is bending to touch the feet . The smile on the face of the elder is nothing but a bouquet of blessings coming from the depths of his heart . Consequently , a transfer of positive energy and positive vibrations takes place that does good to the both : the receiver and the giver. One certainly receives positive energy from a person who is on higher vibration like a saint or an elder who is more evolved .</p>
<p dir="ltr">This is certainly an amazing practice, specially to show our gratitude to our parents. They feel immensely respected . This humble gesture demonstrates a sincere gratitude to them . In Indian culture , the elders also respond lovingly and place their palm on the head of the young ones. By placing their palm, they intend to bless them with positive vibes as well as wish them joy and long life.Usually, elderly people can be heard saying, <i>' </i>Jeete Raho '<i> </i>to males and' Jeeti Raho<i> '</i> to females. The phrase means “have a long and satisfying life.”</p>
<p dir="ltr">( Avtar Mota)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-18280459224555307832024-03-07T22:06:00.002+05:302024-03-07T23:34:19.593+05:30THE BEDTIME SHLOKA OF OUR MOTHERS <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MpTHXxk4TGFrEhFUHei0lFt8XTllP54Qobt92pQ4wYmoTxg66r0OJElJkkMzmkAMtYtRhdO4T4s-MqbltIyKCi_wWDj18qSdKdqYr98LD67UEk_mdfnDQHDcyZHaYtXH4t-Ofi5J92jD-G2eEY5xHW0BPkiuUwmIBzpFNR1tdM72A7pejyWW-ZWG26fC/s389/IMG_20240307_220932.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="240" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MpTHXxk4TGFrEhFUHei0lFt8XTllP54Qobt92pQ4wYmoTxg66r0OJElJkkMzmkAMtYtRhdO4T4s-MqbltIyKCi_wWDj18qSdKdqYr98LD67UEk_mdfnDQHDcyZHaYtXH4t-Ofi5J92jD-G2eEY5xHW0BPkiuUwmIBzpFNR1tdM72A7pejyWW-ZWG26fC/s320/IMG_20240307_220932.jpg" width="197" /></a></div><br /></div><div><div> (Prabhawati Tikoo ,my maternal grandmother who taught the Shloka to my mother )</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>BED TIME SHLOKA THAT OUR MOTHERS RECITED..</div><div><br /></div><div>Before sleeping , mother would recite ,</div><div><br /></div><div>"Ahalya ,Dropdi, Tara, Sita ,Mandodhari</div><div>Hey Devi dusht swapanam na darshiti. "</div><div><br /></div><div>One day I asked her why and what was she reciting daily at sleep time ,she said this:-</div><div><br /></div><div>"I have learnt it from my mother, Prabhawati Tikoo. I can only tell you what my mother has told me. The Shloka was told to my mother by our Kul Purohita when I was barely 9 or 10 years old. And my mother asked me to remember and recite it every night at sleep time. I have never slept without reciting it. Ahalya, Dropdi, Tara, Sita and Mandodari were our great women . I am requesting Jwala Ji, our Kuldevi to grant me a sin free life like them . I am also requesting our Kuldevi not to bring any bad dream in my sleep tonight . That is what I understand from this Sanskrit Shloka . " </div><div><br /></div><div>Later as I grew ,I learnt that these five women were known as Panchkanyas. They were characters from Ramayana and Mahabharata. They were icons of purity, selflessness, compassion, devotion, chastity and sacrifice . I also learnt that like my mother, many Kashmiri Pandit women would recite this Shloka at bed time after a day full of hardwork and family chores. I also saw some elderly women from Dogra families of Jammu reciting it. At many places in the country, I found women reciting a little different Shloka and also replacing Sita with Kunti .I also found that there is a story on Panchkanyas in Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara written in Kashmir.</div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota )</div></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-41134569505755312902024-03-07T14:07:00.004+05:302024-03-07T14:17:36.012+05:30SHIVRATRI AND SEA SHELLS <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWi0MGOUvBu55o4LArwsdzIMR-AWDYEFtMsRT_M5Jn1DSwbF1e_Ja8l7tuq4BcLW8S5Jo6xOTDXweNFN72SYlwe6CvV8tSs35H-oNQRSIPPLZGCEBSJlzMXF4QgtkJx-b_VNRsGw6MYE1x1C6ZHIxZo_l1a6gMUn4PWuMDdwuzzTtuwaLExFFxhZ2WS8J1/s1000/61ZTQHjajOL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="933" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWi0MGOUvBu55o4LArwsdzIMR-AWDYEFtMsRT_M5Jn1DSwbF1e_Ja8l7tuq4BcLW8S5Jo6xOTDXweNFN72SYlwe6CvV8tSs35H-oNQRSIPPLZGCEBSJlzMXF4QgtkJx-b_VNRsGw6MYE1x1C6ZHIxZo_l1a6gMUn4PWuMDdwuzzTtuwaLExFFxhZ2WS8J1/s320/61ZTQHjajOL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_FMwebp_.webp" width="299" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy24_bpG-zAeFnR8x-5QFLQySSzdwQ52vusMF1Zw9M6G7KFlC61-k6zYn7m-rQYsaWbZJ2J69bUNpTMMyMY8OcRDCN6DQ0Ak3Z-7D41-KG9Yev5iLse7J4-NyNPlsOgW12_1jBRBVLNatxisEJ0ZJcMzOOmhRWwPUC4Gc9MzZEhCdnvmLWIdtFSkttnL3v/s1740/61AdttK2srL._AC_UY1100_FMwebp_DpWeblab_.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="1740" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy24_bpG-zAeFnR8x-5QFLQySSzdwQ52vusMF1Zw9M6G7KFlC61-k6zYn7m-rQYsaWbZJ2J69bUNpTMMyMY8OcRDCN6DQ0Ak3Z-7D41-KG9Yev5iLse7J4-NyNPlsOgW12_1jBRBVLNatxisEJ0ZJcMzOOmhRWwPUC4Gc9MzZEhCdnvmLWIdtFSkttnL3v/s320/61AdttK2srL._AC_UY1100_FMwebp_DpWeblab_.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZyOmdLaWtdMXntB2UUwqfe6oMUqYkktOAsmRkEYF5N7nvA2mnnWHRXHA1bZ27z3omvICcyBoq2Y2iwSIIw2sUp0dDe19Om8i1sr_xxzCCv7tbbm-qwQbhfUxjWnOn_0yOkxBhxBpyTQ5qJnq4qxJCnOQENVVlzrCymX3rWyvtzGE2TuZtBRFewwnrp_Xo/s960/FB_IMG_1709800522317.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZyOmdLaWtdMXntB2UUwqfe6oMUqYkktOAsmRkEYF5N7nvA2mnnWHRXHA1bZ27z3omvICcyBoq2Y2iwSIIw2sUp0dDe19Om8i1sr_xxzCCv7tbbm-qwQbhfUxjWnOn_0yOkxBhxBpyTQ5qJnq4qxJCnOQENVVlzrCymX3rWyvtzGE2TuZtBRFewwnrp_Xo/s320/FB_IMG_1709800522317.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Shivratri And Sea Shells..</div><div><br /></div><div>There is a Kashmiri saying, "haari hoss ta karav kyah" meaning," someone sells the elephant for one sea shell. What can we do? We don't have even that little with us ". </div><div><br /></div><div>In Africa sea shell money was widely used as legal tender up until the mid 19th century. The shells of Olivella nana, the sparkling dwarf olive sea snail were harvested on Luanda Island for use as currency in the Kingdom of Kongo. They were even traded north as far as the Kingdom of Benin,Nigeria.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sea shells have been used for at least four millennia as a bargaining chip in China and Europe, and when metal coins became popular, they were often re-produced on them. The profile of a cowry, a shell always linked to the concept of money, appeared on the first coins of the Western world around the 5th -4th centu-ry BC.</div><div><br /></div><div>In India also, sea shells were used in trade on account of use-value as body ornamentation. Ancient Kashmir also put them to use in commodity trade . That is why Kashmiris call these sea shells as Haara a term still used for currency .</div><div><br /></div><div>There is some evidence to suggest that shell money was introduced across India during the intense, millennia long cultural and population exchange between North Indians, who speak Indo-Aryan languages and descend in part from the Aryan peoples mentioned in the Rig Veda, and various peoples they had assimilated with time, represented today by Dravidian speakers and various tribal peoples .The word "cowrie" in English actually is a loan word from Hindustani kauṛī (कौड़ी, کوڑی) which is derives from Sanskrit kapardikā (कपर्दिका).</div><div><br /></div><div>On Shivratri day , we got these shells from the shopkeeper.They were sold by weight . In Rainawari , Prem Nath Khosa, Kiryana trader at Kraalyar sold them. We played with these shells a strange game .I remember Chhot, Botul, Kooen and some more terms of that game. For that game, these shells( known as Haara in Kashmiri) were like coin currency .One could win or lose them. </div><div><br /></div><div>And as per ancient texts, Lord Shiva is fond of Cowry shells, as it is believed that the Cowrie shell looks like His braided hair.Cowrie shells are also worn as jewellery or otherwise used as ornaments or charms. In some cultures, cowrie shells are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ek tha bachapan...</div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota)</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-39844957432727193002024-03-07T08:09:00.003+05:302024-03-07T08:09:43.937+05:30 SOME FOLK SONGS AND LULLABIES DEFINED THE PREFERRED PROFESSIONS OF KASHMIRIS<div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_LHz1DJ7uDocycqgODsQoqO21vZ8fNRrb5PqgzyMHr8YEY-0i9E_2uAVm6cqtengtFGqCMIesdJzuCHvlBwU_m7Ayev-sORoFTk2GKFcnbs79rK522LDOd0Uk3K_KT1SqJrFHuffxHkvtMNtRmg5F2RKVIAD-Lr4TsciHPgJ1feo5JIdEpzGYJu75QDKZ/s513/IMG_20240307_080716.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="513" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_LHz1DJ7uDocycqgODsQoqO21vZ8fNRrb5PqgzyMHr8YEY-0i9E_2uAVm6cqtengtFGqCMIesdJzuCHvlBwU_m7Ayev-sORoFTk2GKFcnbs79rK522LDOd0Uk3K_KT1SqJrFHuffxHkvtMNtRmg5F2RKVIAD-Lr4TsciHPgJ1feo5JIdEpzGYJu75QDKZ/s320/IMG_20240307_080716.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><div>SOME FOLK SONGS AND LULLABIES DEFINED THE PREFERRED PROFESSIONS OF KASHMIRIS</div><div><br /></div><div>(1)</div><div><br /></div><div>"Nabas me gondmaai taar lo lo</div><div>Naba myani sodaagaar lo lo .</div><div>Naba tse chhuyi na aar lo lo</div><div>Naba ba karthas khaar lo lo.."</div><div><br /></div><div>(I have tied my fate with Naba</div><div>My love ! my Naba ,the trader.</div><div>O Naba! why aren't you compassionate?</div><div>O Naba! I have been put to misery by you.)</div><div><br /></div><div>(2)</div><div><br /></div><div>"Rama ji Rama ji</div><div>Nikas lassinam mama ji</div><div>Mol goyā daftar</div><div>Toraai gatchhi baazar </div><div>Taeti anni ranga -tser</div><div>Tas saet gindheim Shama ji</div><div>Rama ji Rama ji"</div><div><br /></div><div>( O Lord Rama! O Lord Rama!</div><div>Let this baby's maternal uncle ( Mama)live long.</div><div>O baby ! your father has gone to his office,</div><div>On his return , he shall visit the market,</div><div>From there he shall by a colourful sparrow,</div><div>Little Krishna shall play with that sparrow,</div><div>O Lord Rama! O Lord Rama!)</div><div><br /></div><div>So during old days , our desired professions in Kashmir valley were also defined by our folk songs ; a trader ( Saudagar ) or an office goer ( Daftar) . In Kashmir ,Ghulam Nabi is a popular name. A person with this name is also fondly called as ' Naba ' some times Naba Toth or dearest Naba . There are many versions of 'Nabas me gondmaai taar lo lo ' spoken in differently in Maraaz ( South Kashmir ) and Kamraaz( North Kashmir ) areas of the valley . This was also a popular song sung in Roff performed by women or girls from Muslim community .Rama Ji Rama Ji was a popular cradle song or Lori ( Lullaby ) with Kashmiri Pandits.</div><div><br /></div><div>(Avtar Mota)</div></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-38088508515437374312024-03-07T00:23:00.002+05:302024-03-07T00:23:37.455+05:30THE SONG THAT BROUGHT TEARS TO ALL EYES IN KASHMIR <p><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <br /></span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiFpi3-IVO4Yc1eFef7vEJkii6UfkPnvA-wTJautWIT1OiNt2c-zYsMRNiedc1dPhJawcDqfwOQL5LBSZ5vZ0qp2z_251VaBQNv_Q456uNfHetGGyda1oET_BjfO2fzfHKl3dUDWc2_HAY2VA0V5Et55fwLtAe9tZN_o5CqFUAb2XEt9CEwE59adHmEGe2/s959/431351284_7708768829146888_8124334692272193511_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="959" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiFpi3-IVO4Yc1eFef7vEJkii6UfkPnvA-wTJautWIT1OiNt2c-zYsMRNiedc1dPhJawcDqfwOQL5LBSZ5vZ0qp2z_251VaBQNv_Q456uNfHetGGyda1oET_BjfO2fzfHKl3dUDWc2_HAY2VA0V5Et55fwLtAe9tZN_o5CqFUAb2XEt9CEwE59adHmEGe2/s320/431351284_7708768829146888_8124334692272193511_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><br /></span><p></p><div class="" dir="auto"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":rcg:"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">"HIYE ME GWOD DEUT BAAG NEIRVUNIYE".....</div><div style="text-align: left;"> ..</div><div style="text-align: left;">I NURSED THE JASMINE PLANTS BEFORE I LEFT THE GARDEN ..</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">“ Hiye mey gwod deut baag neirvuniye</div><div style="text-align: left;">Sheyyi Ryei’t draayas bazaar kunaye.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><a tabindex="-1"></a></span>Samkhaan ta samkhyo'm bub panuniye ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Kharaan ta khaar’nas ku’th panuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Rang kuthi kornam prang vatharuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Zoori pyaath thov’nam sha’maa dazavuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Brontha –kani beuthum *pothi/ *quran Parravuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Zor zor heutmas seer baavuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Loe’ti loe’ti heutmas oush traavuniye ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Dopnam koori yi chhu tsaaluniye ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Vaariev gara chhuyi dhyaen bharooniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Maalien garie chhuna kenh laaruniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Baaey maaleun guv bael maaleuniye,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Gatchhi gatchhi koori garra panuniye”................</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">( A Kashmiri folk song )</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">(Nursing those jasmine plants ,</div><div style="text-align: left;"> I came out of that garden.</div><div style="text-align: left;">And today, after six months ,</div><div style="text-align: left;"> I move out of my house towards the market.</div><div style="text-align: left;">Lo ! Among others , I also saw my darling farther .</div><div style="text-align: left;">Affectionately, he drags me to my parental home.</div><div style="text-align: left;">Here he takes me inside that decorated room,</div><div style="text-align: left;">And there he makes me sit comfortably .</div><div style="text-align: left;">There he lights the candle on the lamp stand </div><div style="text-align: left;">And sits before me reading from the Bhagwad Gita / Quran .</div><div style="text-align: left;">Loudly I start narrating my woes ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Softly do the tears trickle down my eyes .</div><div style="text-align: left;">And he keeps consoling me to endure all this .</div><div style="text-align: left;">He keeps telling me ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">“ You have to spend your days at your inlaw's house.</div><div style="text-align: left;">What shall you get in your parental home?</div><div style="text-align: left;">Worthless turns the parental home </div><div style="text-align: left;">when your brother heads it ,</div><div style="text-align: left;">Proceed back to your inlaw’s house </div><div style="text-align: left;">my darling child.)</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">This was the most popular and emotional folk song that was sung by Kashmiris . I have heard it from Muslim women/ girls performing Roff dance in slow but measured steps and finally making the steps fast and faster. . I have heard it from Kashmiri Pandit women and girls in Mehndiraat sung on fast Hikkat dance . I have heard it being sung on Tumbaknaari beats in Mehndi raat functions of Pandits and Muslims . *Instead of *Quran in the seventh line above ,Pandits would use word *Poeth ( Pothi or scriptures generally Bhagwad Gita) .Muslims used the word Quran .That was the only difference . Women wept while singing it . It touched the listeners as well. The words echoed the pain and pathos of a married girl who was desperately seeking some support system that did not exist in the then Kashmiri society . From all quarters she was made to believe in one line .</div><div style="text-align: left;">“ You have to bear with it “</div><div style="text-align: left;">A reconciliation .A compromise at self peril . A small leap to freedom always ended in a hasty retreat to her inlaw’s house .</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">( Avtar Mota )</div></div></span></div></div></div></div><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-43921436724899842152024-03-04T15:09:00.005+05:302024-03-04T17:13:40.827+05:30IN THE 18TH CENTURY, THERE WAS A PUNJABI TRADERS COLONY IN RUSSIA<p></p><p></p><div dir="auto"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":ra2:"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2GD-MZYyVs964qt89JvSW2vLAsQMA-l5rZIyNccGheBPZ-IeuWLnQ_QBkwgCDSrWFqNnfJogBcuXFR0fIKQhyhIHkOlvnsY4BjgnizMfNcwjdECfk_tCiwuB-Flb1CrSBPmppsAG8mXLhZyudr7cjceSoMTpxfBEroUGq0XmPP6T5_cLwL61t-rAwnSwe/s728/430857912_7705264802830624_1085953378657816536_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="728" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2GD-MZYyVs964qt89JvSW2vLAsQMA-l5rZIyNccGheBPZ-IeuWLnQ_QBkwgCDSrWFqNnfJogBcuXFR0fIKQhyhIHkOlvnsY4BjgnizMfNcwjdECfk_tCiwuB-Flb1CrSBPmppsAG8mXLhZyudr7cjceSoMTpxfBEroUGq0XmPP6T5_cLwL61t-rAwnSwe/s320/430857912_7705264802830624_1085953378657816536_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">(Photo.. Old Cathedral of Astrakhan, Russia) </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">IN THE 18th CENTURY, THERE WAS A PUNJABI TRADERS COLONY IN RUSSIA. </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br /></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> Beyond any shade of doubt, like Marwaris and Gujaratis, Punjabi Khatris ( Kshatriyas ) have proved an equally enterprising community the world over. In the Indian subcontinent, they were mostly engaged in mercantilistic professions such as banking and trade. They were the dominant commercial and financial administration class of late mediaeval India. In addition to trade and commerce, the Kshatriyas also played a very important role in the development of Indian political thought, penning key texts of political strategy such as the Arthashastra. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>The word Khatri in the Hindi and Punjabi language comes from the Sanskrit word "Kshatriya". "Khatri" and "Kshatriya" are synonymous. Several key figures in Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism were Kshatriyas, indicating the power and prestige that this group once held in ancient Indian society. The famous religious leaders Gautama Buddha and Sri Mahavira, Lord Rama and Lord Krishna all belonged to this social order. Most Khatris trace their lineage to Sri Rama or one of his brothers. Guru Nanak belonged to the Bedi clan of Kshatriyas. Other Sikh Gurus belonged to the Sodhi clan of Kshatriyas. The main clans of Kshatriyas in India are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, Agnivanshi, Nagavanshi and Yaduvanshi.</div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>In a recently published book, “Caravans: Indian Merchants On The Silk Road”, we are informed about the fascinating story of countless Punjabi Khatri merchants who built great business empires through their ingenuity and spirit of adventure. Operating during the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries, these merchants risked everything and travelled across Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran and Russia. They used sophisticated techniques to convert a modest amount of merchandise into vast portfolios for trade ventures. The book also informs how thousands of Punjabis created a booming market in Central Asia and contributed to the economic and trade development in such far-flung areas . Many European travellers have noticed their movement on the Silk Route leading to Central Asia . A few travellers have also recorded having seen Punjabi travellers in Kashgar and Yarkand. Punjabi trader Banda Kapoor Chand was a very well-known name in Central Asia. Punjabi merchants and traders were largely involved in trade with Central Asia, China, Azerbaijan and as far as Russia and Ukraine. After a Jewish merchant gifted a Kashmiri Pashmina shawl to the Czar of Russia, the Punjabi traders started trading in these shawls in the Russian markets made the Pashmina shawls popular among Russia's elite. Many European traveller accounts inform us about Punjabi traders purchasing these shawls from Kashmiris in Leh and then carrying them to Russia. The Punjabi Khatris had set up a colony in Astrakhan, a beautiful city located in the southeast of the European part of Russia in the Caspian Lowland in the lower reaches of the Volga River.</div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>Prussian zoologist Peter Simon Pallas who visited Astrakhan ( Russia ) in the first half of the 18th century writes this:- </div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>“ I attended with pleasure at the idolatrous worship place of the Indian merchants who reside together in the Indian court called the Indeiskoi Dvor. The temple included idols of Rama, Lakshmi and Hanuman, as well as three black stones brought from the Ganges and regarded by the Indians as sacred.” </div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>Dr W R Rishi writes this in Punjab Monitor:-</div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>“At the beginning of the nineteenth century there existed an Indian colony in the Astrakhan region inhabited by traders and merchants from India, particularly from the Punjab. This is borne out by more than 600 manuscripts in about thirty languages of India and South Asia, now lying in the precious possessions of the Asian Museum at Tashkent, Uzbekistan. This collection includes manuscripts of books dealing with varied subjects - there are handwritten copies of books on Hindi and Punjabi poetry, copies of Bhagwat Gita and Shri Guru Granth Sahib and copies of books in Hindi and Punjabi languages by Indian authors on Cosmography, Astronomy, Astrology and even on sex. There are copies of Bhagwat Gita and Gita Mahatmya which belonged to a Brahman from Lahore who died in Petersburg. There are 14 account books (Bahi-khata) including two empty ones in Landa language (the shorthand language used by the Munims (accounts clerks) of the Punjabi businessmen even now.”</div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div>Not a big surprise to know the presence of Punjabi Khatri traders in Gilgit, Astor, Kargil, Leh, Chilas, Bonji and into the length and breadth of Kashmir valley during the recent past for the promotion of trade and commerce. They have been in Kashmir since Afghan rule or maybe even earlier. Maharaja Ranbir Singh built a special market for their business at Maharaj Ganj, Srinagar. In Kashmir, they were pioneers in many fields like cloth trade, tea trade, photography, Mithai shops, trade in spices, trade in provisions, booksellers, hardware trade, hotel and restaurant business, goldsmithery, cosmetics and hosiery trade, fruit Ahratiya business and many other fields. Their contribution towards the development of trade and commerce in Kashmir is immense.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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insurg<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ency in the Kashmir valley</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div><div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="text-align: justify;"><div><b>( Avtar Mota )</b></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="x168nmei x13lgxp2 x30kzoy x9jhf4c x6ikm8r x10wlt62" data-visualcompletion="ignore-dynamic"><div><div><div><div class="x1n2onr6"><div class="x6s0dn4 xi81zsa x78zum5 x6prxxf x13a6bvl xvq8zen xdj266r xktsk01 xat24cr x1d52u69 x889kno x4uap5 x1a8lsjc xkhd6sd xdppsyt"><div class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2 x6ikm8r x10wlt62"><b><span aria-label="See who reacted to this" class="x1ja2u2z" role="toolbar"><span class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1e558r4" id=":ra5:"><span class="x6zyg47 x1xm1mqw xpn8fn3 xtct9fg x13zp6kq x1mcfq15 xrosliz x1wb7cse x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi xamhcws xol2nv xlxy82 x19p7ews xmix8c7 x139jcc6 x1n2onr6 x1xp8n7a xhtitgo"><span class="x12myldv x1udsgas xrc8dwe xxxhv2y x1rg5ohu xmix8c7 x1xp8n7a"><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j"></span></span></span></span></span></b></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span aria-label="See who reacted to this" class="x1ja2u2z" role="toolbar"><span class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1e558r4" id=":ra5:"><span class="x6zyg47 x1xm1mqw xpn8fn3 xtct9fg x13zp6kq x1mcfq15 xrosliz x1wb7cse x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi xamhcws xol2nv xlxy82 x19p7ews xmix8c7 x139jcc6 x1n2onr6 x1xp8n7a x1vjfegm"><span class="x12myldv x1udsgas xrc8dwe xxxhv2y x1rg5ohu xmix8c7 x1xp8n7a"><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j"></span></span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j"><br /></span></b></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-54741253736097408092024-02-29T23:04:00.006+05:302024-03-28T22:51:19.939+05:30DARA SHIKOH'S TEACHER WAS A KASHMIRI PANDIT: CHANDER MOHAN BHAN " BRAHMAN" (1614-1663)<div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUpOrgOsfteo8-LAveaGp9kYWDpMLKw6RY6LA_UUMByrghCakGewozaipV4HYh1ASbEL1r1KbL9hemWzyK4XDcV3XJBIqYnApEgiRdlBq9-nn601yfGQN172ZJfNVcJXt_X38oh8KWB6MSG2uyWQ01Pteq5yvbJ_yEcW832YzHWYydH3sH8wWx2yrLCDF/s627/IMG_20240229_212655.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="489" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUpOrgOsfteo8-LAveaGp9kYWDpMLKw6RY6LA_UUMByrghCakGewozaipV4HYh1ASbEL1r1KbL9hemWzyK4XDcV3XJBIqYnApEgiRdlBq9-nn601yfGQN172ZJfNVcJXt_X38oh8KWB6MSG2uyWQ01Pteq5yvbJ_yEcW832YzHWYydH3sH8wWx2yrLCDF/s320/IMG_20240229_212655.jpg" width="250" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(miniature
painting ....portrait of Dara Shikoh )</span></div><div><br /></div><div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first Urdu Gazal was written by a
Kashmiri Pandit Chander Bhan better known as Chander Bhan 'Brahman'. He used
Brahman as his pen name or Takhallus. Chander Bhan used his caste name as his Takhallus.
The need for that identification was a sign that Chander Bhan was secure in
both worlds – a “sacred thread-wearing” man from the learned castes who also
counted among his mentors the Mughal officials who happened to be Muslim and
were deeply spiritual. Most were like Chander Bhan himself, affected and
influenced by this Indo-Persian ethos of seeking harmony and showing a
“mystical civility” toward all.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Son of Pandit Dharam Das Bhan, a respected
government official during the rule of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jahangir, Chander Bhan Brahman was an
accomplished scholar, author , polyglot ,poet and philosopher . He was well-versed
in Persian, Arabic , Hindi ,Sanskrit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
Urdu . </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">As<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>young boy, he<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mastered most of the standard works of Persian language and literature
under the tutelage of Abd-al-Ḥakim Sialkoti , Mīr ʿAbd-al-Karīm (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">mīr-a ʿemārat</span></em> “superintendent of
buildings” at Lahore), and Jafar Khan . He studied Persian calligraphy with
the governor of Lahore Mollā </span><a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afzal-khan-title-of-molla-sokrallah-sirazi-mughal-court-official-ca"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Šokr-Allāh Afżal Khan</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> , Āqā ʿAbd-al-Rašīd, and Kefāyat Khan
. Before joining the court of Shahjahan ,Brahman served as secretary to several
highly placed figures in the time of Shahjahan : </span><a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asaf-khan-abd-al-majid-10th-16th-century-mughal-official-and-military-commander"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Āṣaf Khan</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (commander of the royal forces at Lahore),
Eslām Khan, ʿAllāmī Saʿd-Allāh Khan , Moʿaẓẓam Khan, ʿEnāyat Khan, and Afżal
Khan (Wazīr-al-Mulk ). Through contact with them, his literary tastes were
refined, and he developed a strong affinity for Sufis and saints. After the
death of Afżal Khan, his nephew ʿĀqel Khan presented Brahman to Shahjahan and
recommended him for a suitable post in the Royal Court. The emperor was
highly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>impressed by Barahman’s deep
knowledge of Persian literature and by his calligraphy . That is how Brahman
entered Shahjan’s court </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brahman
belonged to a Kashmiri Pandit family that had come to live in Lahore during the
rule of Jahangir . He worked as Munshi (secretary) to Shahjahan. Chander Bhan
remained in the service of Shahjahan for 30 years. He was very close to the
emperor and used to write his diary. Chander Bhan "Brahman" stayed with
the king during his travels and wrote down the circumstances of his travels.
Later, he was given the responsibility of writing down the details of the
Emperor’s visit to various countries. For historians, Chander Bhan’s books are
the key source of information on Shahjahan's reign. Shahjahan was highly
impressed by Brahman's knowledge of Persian literature .A linguist king like
Shahjahan could not have entrusted the job of writing his diary to a
non-linguist. He also worked on compiling Sanskrit epistemology. Chander Bhan
was an Urdu-Persian poet and also a great scholar of Arabic, Persian and
Sanskrit. He authored several books on Sufism and literature. The following
works by Brahman are mentioned by his biographers and also by him in his
letters<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. However, only a few of them
are extant.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.
A <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Divan</span></em>
containing 342 G<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">azal</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s</i>, 36 quatrains , and some brief
didactic <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Masanawis</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>in Persian .</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.Chahar-chaman,
a historical composition with four chapters </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Goldasta-e Chanhar-chaman</span></em>
extracts from Chahar-chaman </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Toḥfat al-wozarāʾ</span></em> (Gems of the
viziers). </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kār-nāma</span></em> (Chronicle). </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Toḥfat al foṣaḥāʾ</span></em> (Gems of
literary language). </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Majmaʿ al-foqarāʾ</span></em> (Collection of
Sufi writings).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Monšaʾāt</span></em> (letters), a collection
of 128 letters divided into five sections, according to whether they are
addressed to kings, statesmen, friends, and the like, all with brief forms of
address, in contrast to the normal practice of the time.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Roqqaʿāt</span></em> (fragments).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.
<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mokālamāt-e Dārā-Šokūh wa Bābā Lāl</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> the Persian translation of a mystical discourse
between Dara Shikoh and Bābā Lāl, a Hindu ascetic, that took place at Brahman’s
residence .</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chander Bhan "Brahman " is
one of the few Persian-language Indian poets who have been recognized by the
people of Iran. His poetry dwelt on subjects of Tawhid, Sufism and Vedanta. </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Brahman was probably the first gifted Hindu poet and
writer in Persian, a product of the Indo-Persian culture that flourished under
the Mughals. His work in Persian has attracted the attention of modern-day
Persian scholars including Prof Zabiollah Safa .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chander Bhan's family moved from
Kashmir to Lahore and then to Agra . He was also given some Jagir in Agra <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by the Mughal Emperor . He is believed to have
died sometime after the death of Shahjahan. Chander Bhan Brahman's proximity to
Shahjahan made the latter entrust him with the complete responsibility of
education and upbringing of his favourite son, Prince Dara Shikoh, who rose to
become a literary figure. Apart from Arabic and Persian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>literature,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Brahman also<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>passed on the
knowledge of Vedanta and Islamic Tassavuf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to young Dara who grew up<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to
become a liberal and open-minded person . Dara was also an ardent follower of
Sufi mystic Mian Mir .</span><span class="hgkelc"><b> </b></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A
proponent of peace and tolerance, Mian Mir is famously known as a friend of
Guru Arjan Dev . Mian Mir was invited by the Sikh Guru to lay the foundation of
the Golden Temple at Amritsar </span><b>. </b></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Mian Mir used to say, “<em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Karni
Parvan Kya Hindu Kya Musalman?</span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (</i></b>In the path to
God, there is no Hindu or Muslim<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">)</b>”.</span>
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1657, Dara
Shikoh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>got 52 Upanishads and Bhagavad
Gita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>translated into Persian .Dara also
had close bonds with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the seventh Sikh
Guru( Guru Har Rai ).</span> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Although in 1655
his father and Mughal emperor Shahjahan declared him the Crown Prince, Dara was
assassinated on August 30, 1659, by his younger brother, Aurangzeb, in a bitter
struggle for the throne. Dara Shikoh was 44 at the time of his death. </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is a fascinating story in Rajeev Kinra’s
(Associate Professor in the Department of History at Northwestern University,
USA )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>book on Chandar Bhan Brahman
titled , <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Writing Self, Writing
Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State
Secretary"</b> .Based on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chahar-Chaman
</b>of Chander Bhan Brahman,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rajeev Kinra
narrates the story of Princess Jahanara, Shahjahan’s eldest child,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who sustained severe burn injuries after an
accident in the Agra fort. The sad emperor looked in every direction for help
to ensure the recovery of, arguably, his favourite child. In his eloquent and
flowery prose, Chandar Bhan details Shahjahan’s concern, his vigil over his
convalescing daughter and the efforts the court took to ensure the best medical
care for her. Those who arrived at the fort included not just Unani medical
men, but also Hakims,alchemists, herbalists ,Yogis, Vaids, Jyotishis and other
practitioners of native medicine. A call had gone out across a wide region to
secure the best possible help. The narrative also accentuates Chandar Bhan’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>role as a trusted official who was privy to
the emperor’s emotions and feelings. Brahman’s book Chahar-Chaman is divided
into four parts. The first chapter describes the celebration of festivals in
the court of Shahjahan . Brahman used to recite poems in these festivals. The
second chapter describes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the splendour
of the court,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the daily business of
Shahjahan , his new capital Shahjahanbad, and the major cities and suburbs of
the empire .The third chapter contains the life story of Chander Bhan Brahman
and his letters while the fourth chapter deals with moral and religious
subjects .</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> In
Chahar-Chaman ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brahman writes the name
of his son as Tej Bhan . He also mentions Rai Bhan as his brother who died
young.The name of another brother of Brahman is mentioned as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Udai Bhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He was deeply influenced by Islamic
culture but in all his writings he shows his Hindu proclivities. In one of his
verses, he says: -</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Maraa dilest ba-kufr-aashnaa ki chandii.n
baar</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ba-kaabaa burdam-o-baazash barhaman aawardam.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">(I possess the heart of an infidel. </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Many a time I took it to the Ka’ba </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">but always brought it back a Brahman”.)</p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
is related” that when he recited this verse in the court, Shah Jahan became
greatly displeased, but Brahman’s patron Afzal Khan humorously quoted the
well-known verse of Saadi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Khar-e-iisaa agar ba-makka rawad</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chuun bayaayad hanuuz Khar baashad”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">(If the donkey of Jesus goes to Mecca,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on its return,
it remains a donkey.)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
king smiled at the pleasantry. Brahman being a devout Hindu had a special
affection for his sacred thread. He says: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Maraa ba-rishtaa-e-zunnaar ulfate Khaas ast</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="has-inline-color"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ki yaadgaatr-e-man az barhaman hamii-daaram”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">(I have a special love for my sacred thread, </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">for this is the only sign which I possess of the
Brahmanic faith.)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwcKx4QtVS8g8G_OGdIKD7LDqc9XB6sZOfNt8PCLSipMfQUPfc_II018gnbTdeIe5yWFgOczb3NJuoBvsog4BJtqu46a7qVbkxFojgh__qpOgVeZ09JMhzZ9s0DVcbtptcWrqk9TuZGQlkofzBS3A8fV4VJ9s_hSCh5OkIxrYtV-GHvb5acqoeIKmmlxa-/s1080/FB_IMG_1709402396615.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1080" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwcKx4QtVS8g8G_OGdIKD7LDqc9XB6sZOfNt8PCLSipMfQUPfc_II018gnbTdeIe5yWFgOczb3NJuoBvsog4BJtqu46a7qVbkxFojgh__qpOgVeZ09JMhzZ9s0DVcbtptcWrqk9TuZGQlkofzBS3A8fV4VJ9s_hSCh5OkIxrYtV-GHvb5acqoeIKmmlxa-/s320/FB_IMG_1709402396615.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> ( Chander Bhan Brahman praises Kashmir in Chahar chaman )</span><p></p></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What distinguishes Brahman from others
is that he was not only the first Diwan-e-Hindu poet of Persian but also the
first Diwan-e-Shair of Urdu language. He is credited with having written the
first Urdu Gazal .Chander Bhan "Brahman ,lived before Wali Deccani. Though
on records, it’s Deccani who is credited with writing the first Diwan
(collection) of Urdu poetry, the fact is that Wali Deccani was born in 1669,
six years after Chander Bhan’s death.A sample of his Urdu Gazal is as under:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khuda ne kis shahar andhar haman ko
laaye daala hai...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na dilbar hai na sheesha hai na saaqi
hai na pyaala hai ...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">piya ke naam ki simran kiya chaahoon
karoon kis sinn,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">na tasbih hai na simran hai na kanthi
hai na maala hai ...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Birahman"' vaaste ashnaan
ke phirtaa hai bagiyan sinn,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">na ganga hai na jamuna hai na naddi
hai na naala hai ...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Avtar Mota )</span></b></p><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-3348729482953215402024-02-25T12:39:00.006+05:302024-03-24T07:38:33.206+05:30SIMPLETONS LIKE ME , KEPT COMING REGULARLY <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7cnbL-dVjvJL3qKrd8-PaM-sor32QBSqfwt6gSPRFfr5nB6ZedPPR8dxERUi9nTk5UomL5uvuOUrDHVGELbFOembyMbIxiPDQmLm-zi8dJCi59yWmUhltkqH1eSwi3ochYctBlchL34rXxD47E-9y8MYa1ry4JZAsnC2-feurxJlu4T_NR-GHVIXlZTbr/s1641/FB_IMG_1708844530209.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1641" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7cnbL-dVjvJL3qKrd8-PaM-sor32QBSqfwt6gSPRFfr5nB6ZedPPR8dxERUi9nTk5UomL5uvuOUrDHVGELbFOembyMbIxiPDQmLm-zi8dJCi59yWmUhltkqH1eSwi3ochYctBlchL34rXxD47E-9y8MYa1ry4JZAsnC2-feurxJlu4T_NR-GHVIXlZTbr/s320/FB_IMG_1708844530209.jpg" width="211" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>I thought buyers for my sorrow had come to the market,I too arrived to sell my dreams .How strange ,life called me many times yet hid itself every time I arrived to meet her . Fooled every time , yet simpletons like me , kept coming again and again at her call . Poet Ahmed Faraz also feels similarly .</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>"Ye soch kar ki gham ke khareedaar aa gaye</div><div>Hum khwaab bechne sar e bazaar aa gaye</div><div>Awaaz dhe ke zindagi har baar chhup gayi</div><div>Hum aisse saada dil thay ki har baar aa gaye"..</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota )</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.</div><div>Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</div>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-61871547420975555152024-02-24T17:55:00.002+05:302024-02-24T17:55:19.111+05:30 HOW KASHMIRIS ADDRESS EACH OTHER<div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaD2gDsDcjcxWnC2UqnIi1n6hZOUfQTK-I9kPmv0l3y5SUAQYbqHxXjeAPJOdcrWIBOgpjjxTWFN6_SksWlYmhiQuxnlmzBQBuIuhCkkbWqoI8YWe7PssV5KY3CaBx7UHpLMJXUQ4au9eBcPb_ecIZj-OIpemQIIX34VQsay9cPpmiLoXKdIx7yzd_Vpw/s1249/img_1_1701510725621%20(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1249" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaD2gDsDcjcxWnC2UqnIi1n6hZOUfQTK-I9kPmv0l3y5SUAQYbqHxXjeAPJOdcrWIBOgpjjxTWFN6_SksWlYmhiQuxnlmzBQBuIuhCkkbWqoI8YWe7PssV5KY3CaBx7UHpLMJXUQ4au9eBcPb_ecIZj-OIpemQIIX34VQsay9cPpmiLoXKdIx7yzd_Vpw/s320/img_1_1701510725621%20(1).jpg" width="277" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">HOW KASHMIRIS ADDRESS EACH OTHER</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">When respect is intended to be shown, Kashmiris use words like Huz or Mahara. Muslims use Huz which is believed to be a shortcut for Hazarat. In the Arab world, the word Hazarat is used with religious persons or respected personalities. It is a title prefixed to the name of a saint or any respected person . I found people from Turkey and Iran using word Hazarat .It is also equivalent to the normal Western honorific addressing high officials as "your honour" or “your majesty ”.In Kashmir when the word Huz is used, the intention is to convey “ I respect you ”. The word Mahara used by Pandits is a shortcut for Maharaj. The word Maharaj comes from two Sanskrit words, Mahat/Maha meaning "Great," and “Rajan” meaning, "King".While the literal meaning of the word Maharaj is “Great King ”, it is used as a title to address men who hold high, noble or religious office. Kashmiri Pandits use it for elders to demonstrate respect and regard. Amongst Kashmiri Pandits, the word Mahara is used to convey, “ I respect you ”. </div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Other titles of address that Kashmiris use are as under;</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(1 ) Joo …Elders are shown respect and addressed with their names suffixed with "joo", like Ram Joo, Krishen Joo, Subhan Joo, and Qadir Joo. Both Hindus and Muslims use Joo.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(2 ) Sahib ... Sahib means Sir or Master and was especially popular among the native inhabitants of colonial India when addressing or speaking of a European of some social or official status. It is also a general title for the boss, ‘ Sahib Chha Aamut’ … ‘Has the boss come? It was also used for addressing Europeans in Kashmir like Biscoe Sahib or Neve Sahib for Tyndale Biscoe or Dr Arthur Neve. Kashmiris also suffix it with surname to give respect like Dar Sahib, Dhar Sahib, and Koul Sahib. The word has been carried over and put to extensive use even after the freedom from British rule. Sahib is also used for Almighty or God.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(3 ) Haej Saaeb … Used while addressing an elderly person who has performed Haj.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">(4) Pandit Ji …Used for showing respect to an elderly Kashmiri Pandit while addressing him. Pandit Ji is also substituted by the word Bobu Ji when Muslims address an elderly Kashmiri Pandit.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">( 5) Khwaja Saeb… Khawaja means master or lord. The title is also closely related to other terms in Sufism or one can say a spiritual title but practically in Kashmir, it is used to address a person who is well-off or belongs to the upper strata of the society. The word Khwjabaai is used for females to show respect.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">( 7 ) Kaak .. A member of a Kashmiri family who is elderly, wise and has rich experience of life.</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">( Avtar Mota )</div></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-7062912593174359892024-02-23T19:23:00.003+05:302024-02-23T19:27:07.662+05:30A QUATRAIN IN KASHMIRI WITH ENGLISH TRANSLATION <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVTx91WLIBbQGrz1h2CMpDI7w_MXBfJZmX32hBcr1Pm-FowzRYmr5bPbhVwc7djsWL7mtQq_mGloAUzhw-z0DwsIOVbFWjL9Vzvnw_6mOpploRCfnKlTvEut7HmAO8bUokzOBre8YwJPQM0DmEwh-8IJVANOkAmbTYeMUrTl4KKnt8zoO7KQgux6QWMwB/s242/download%20(3).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="242" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVTx91WLIBbQGrz1h2CMpDI7w_MXBfJZmX32hBcr1Pm-FowzRYmr5bPbhVwc7djsWL7mtQq_mGloAUzhw-z0DwsIOVbFWjL9Vzvnw_6mOpploRCfnKlTvEut7HmAO8bUokzOBre8YwJPQM0DmEwh-8IJVANOkAmbTYeMUrTl4KKnt8zoO7KQgux6QWMwB/s1600/download%20(3).jpeg" width="242" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Inspired by a post of Abdul Majeed Baba on Facebook , I wrote this quatrain in Kashmiri :-</div><div><br /></div><div> "Dapaan chhus soor mala ha door tsal ha..</div><div>Kollan pyaath daaf traavith obbur vala-ha.. </div><div>Chillas atch-ha ba kuni sheena-maani goffi manz,</div><div>Zuviek yim naar-taet saari ba chhala-ha .."</div><div><br /></div><div>I have tried to render this thought into English for friends who don't know Kashmiri :-</div><div><br /></div><div>(Wish I could smear this body with ash and move far away,</div><div>Move far away to sleep on the surface of streams and rivulets,</div><div>Move far away to slip into quilts of clouds ,</div><div>Move far away to to enter some freezing glacial cave </div><div>and cold-wash the burns tormenting my soul..) </div><div><br /></div><div>( Avtar Mota )</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-32689632000918443142024-02-23T15:22:00.001+05:302024-02-23T15:24:50.767+05:30 SHAWL EXISTED IN MANY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS THE WORLD OVER <p><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SHAWL AS APPAREL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EXISTED IN
MANY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS THE WORLD OVER<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kashmiri shawls are coveted fabrics
that have a rich history of being the most valued possession. Pashmina
shawls<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from Kashmir are often referred
to as soft gold, owing to their softness, lightweight ,texture and fine weave.</span>
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cherished and prized by the courts of Caesar, or the French queen
Mary Antoinette or Josephine Bonaparte , Kashmiri shawls have enjoyed patronage
in Mughals ,Rajputana ruler ,Ottoman Turks and many Royal European courts. </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saw a portrait of Josephine
Bonaparte in Louvre ( Paris ) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wearing a
gown, the lower part of which is made from a Kashmiri embroidered Pashmina
shawl. The portrait was done by Antoine Jean Gros. In Paris , I also saw a
portrait of Marie Antoinette wife of King Louis XVI done by Jacques Louis
David in 1790. She is shown wearing an exquisite Kashmiri shawl over her
left shoulder and elements of it hang down below her leg revealing a patterned
tip. The pretty queen was publicly guillotined by revolutionaries in Paris
following the French Revolution which also abolished the monarchy in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>France. In another portrait that I saw, Queen
Konigin Pauline of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wurttemberg, Germany <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wearing a Kashmiri shawl. This portrait was
done in 1825 by artist Joseph Karl Stieler. The queen is shown <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>holding her son Karl who later married Grand
Princess Olga.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In France, I <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>came to know that many Egyptian traders would
move to Europe and sell Kashmiri Shawls. Apart from other commodities or
handicrafts, some shops in Cairo used to sell Kashmiri shawls. Many books
reveal the movement of silk, and other handicrafts including woollen shawls
from India on the ancient Silk Route right up to Palmyra (Syria), the
last outpost of the Roman Empire.</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Kashmiri Pashmina Shawls and
embroidery is certainly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a unique
gift<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to the world but the story of shawl
as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apparel is as old as human
civilization . I have seen it in paintings ,sculpture , stories and fables from
ancient Rome , Greece , India ,and Egypt. Even the ancient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chinese and Zoroastrians women wore a drapery
that comes close to the shawl. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SHAWL IN ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN CULTURE</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <br /></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I have seen many ancient Egyptian
paintings and sketches etched on stones where women are shown wearing cape
shoulder drapery like a shawl. Some paintings depict women wearing shawl like
drapery to cover their neck and chest. We have the story of Queen Neferititi (
around 1350 BC ) who wore fashionable shawl like apparel to cover her head<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or neck and chest which became a status
symbol of women<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belonging to royal
families in ancient Egypt .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>May be for
this reason, the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmiri Pashmina shawl
had its first market in Egypt wherefrom it travelled to France and Europe . </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">SHAWL IN ANCIENT ROME AND
GREECE</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In ancient Rome, </span><span class="hgkelc">only married
women<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wore a </span><span class="jpfdse">stola</span><span class="hgkelc"> . In addition to that , <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Roman
women also wore a palla, a versatile shawl that was long, wide, and rectangular</span>.
</span><em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
palla</span></em> was a draped shawl that was placed over the outer tunic. It
was pulled across the shoulder or over the head like a veil.<span class="hgkelc">
It could be worn as a cloak or head covering. The more brightly coloured,
decorative, and elaborately folded, the more wealthy the woman was. It was a
status symbol.</span> The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Statue of
Ashurnasrpal II</b> from the 9th century BC features the emperor wearing a
shawl. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Shawls also<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">had
a significant presence in ancient Greece</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>T</span>hey were draped over the shoulders by men and women .
Those amongst us who have visited Santorini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Greece )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>must have observed
typical Greek shawls, a blend of wool and linen or sometimes only<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>heavy silk with a crinkled texture being sold
to tourists . Silk shawls and scarves were popular in Hellenic homes. Ancient
Greeks were masters in apparel embroidery .The designs embroidered included
representations of floral patterns and geometric patterns as well intricate
scenes from Greek stories. In ancient Greece , Shawl was known as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epiblema.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">SHAWL IN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RAMAYANA </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There
is a miniature painting in Philadelphia Museum of art in the US<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that shows</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a scene from Ramayana where Sita is
shown throwing her shawl.</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
This painting illustrates an episode from the fourth section of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ramayana</span>,
the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kishkindha-kanda</span></b>, which
describes the politics of Kishkindha-the monkey kingdom-and tells how the
monkeys helped Sri Rama in his quest to rescue Sita. Hoping to give Sri Rama a
clue to her whereabouts, Sita threw down her shawl and jewellery, which the
monkeys picked up and hid in a cave.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So , In India ,
shawl is as ancient as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ramayana.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
long so much </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(
Avtar Mota) </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-624175690241465152024-02-20T23:30:00.008+05:302024-02-25T17:18:19.786+05:30A FILM ON THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY SANSKRIT POET BILHANA OF KASHMIR <p><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBLI7AqHy6ek3ZP3PgB6W2VcraCfgRUf13VU08Nwd6m4jf-LvBDgyGOtDx-vvl_Ga9QV3x7Mgs-u5RmspltOOIdwzSPhXG2PqgRhlviWvgz4_Z2M2xQKMnzTbSQ4dBI2Fjpcl8CXUbChyYjlZRAVUNxfQfIZ2s67XZ9lShFGs3UNdkfHE-3rrrcpwjFGGz/s416/cp13_Bilhana_jpg_1502411e.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBLI7AqHy6ek3ZP3PgB6W2VcraCfgRUf13VU08Nwd6m4jf-LvBDgyGOtDx-vvl_Ga9QV3x7Mgs-u5RmspltOOIdwzSPhXG2PqgRhlviWvgz4_Z2M2xQKMnzTbSQ4dBI2Fjpcl8CXUbChyYjlZRAVUNxfQfIZ2s67XZ9lShFGs3UNdkfHE-3rrrcpwjFGGz/s320/cp13_Bilhana_jpg_1502411e.jpg" width="245" /></a></span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3oT_S4VsYKFxOsELb3vKHmK5VVlY9Dlq1Z-dxUWHOH3_f05CpPU0fcHydEqvDpObxvQT-l2qeQkaH11CHB3J9QLVO9D4rhH8VgOppzlWSWbyY2H4oVeQ2WiNPByDiQ47gmvB_XsXJiQwNbaMaZ4MurAGUp9kx3HJYIuEYVL7qJKsEUotUvkRXJwg_oYgu/s345/Bilhana1948.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="220" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3oT_S4VsYKFxOsELb3vKHmK5VVlY9Dlq1Z-dxUWHOH3_f05CpPU0fcHydEqvDpObxvQT-l2qeQkaH11CHB3J9QLVO9D4rhH8VgOppzlWSWbyY2H4oVeQ2WiNPByDiQ47gmvB_XsXJiQwNbaMaZ4MurAGUp9kx3HJYIuEYVL7qJKsEUotUvkRXJwg_oYgu/s320/Bilhana1948.jpg" width="204" /></a></div><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>A FILM ON THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY SANSKRIT POET
BILHANA OF KASHMIR</b> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I am beholden to many Sanskrit scholars and
translators from South India who made it possible for me to know my own poets ,
scholars, critics, historians, aestheticians, logicians, chemists, musicians,
rhetoricians, philosophers, grammarians,translators, playwrights and artists
right up to the rule of Lohara Kings. Some of these great men from Kashmir who
rose to eminence the world over for their original contributions are, </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Rishi
Vasugupta , Abhinavgupta , Khemraja , Kshemendra , Bilhana, Kalhana,<span> </span>Somadeva ,Sharangadeva,Bhatta Narayana <span> </span>, Jayanta Bhatta,Rajanka Bhatta ,Ratnakara ,Sivaswamin,Srivara
,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Bhallaṭa,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Vamana,Jonaraja,Anandavardhana,
Udbhata, Kuntala , Mahima Bhatta,Silhana,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Abhinanda Bhatta,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Panini, Charaka, Bhamaha, Gopendra, Namisadhu,
Rudrata,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kuntaka#hinduism" title="show Kuntaka definitions"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kuntaka</span></a>,
<a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mammata#hinduism" title="show Mammaṭa definitions"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mammaṭa</span></a>,
Vallavadeva,</span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Dandin,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Varahamihira, Utpala, Visakhila, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Vamanagupta</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Manoratha</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Padmagupta</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, Rat</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">nakara</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Mukula Bhatta, Kumarila Bhatta, Poetess
Vijjika, Sabaraswami, Bhatta Nayaka, Bhatta Tauta, Hemachandra, Vidyadhara,Rajashekhara,Narendra,</span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">Ruyyaka</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, Sri Shankuka, Sambhunatha , Sumatinatha <span> </span>, Lollata ,Somendra, Cakrapala, Muktakana,
Bhogendra, Prakasendra and many more .</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: times; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In the rich history of
Sanskrit literature, Kashmir stands out for its remarkable contribution. I am
also beholden to ‘The Adyar Library and Research Centre’, Chennai for
preserving these translations for posterity and also for the scholars the world
over. My gratitude goes to ‘The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute’, Pune
for preserving some rare books and Sharada and Sanskrit manuscripts from
Kashmir.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The contribution of the Kashmiris to
the Sanskrit literature of India remains unparalleled. Even the Chitrasutra
part of Vishnudharmotrapuran is believed to have been written by a Kashmiri
Pandit. The best commentators on Rasa and Dhvani theory of Natyashastra have
been Kashmiris. And Bilhana remains a distinguished poet from Kashmir in this
contribution. Bilhana’s life and works are subject of considerable interest for
scholars the world over. And Bilhana tells me that household women in Kashmir
spoke the Sanskrit language during the 11th century AD. Bilhana’s work offers
many insights into the cultural and historical context of his time. Some facts
related to Bilhana are as under:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1)…Bihana was a nomadic Pandit who had
wandered through Mathura, Kanuj, Prayaga, Varanasi, Somnath, Kalyan and
Rameswaram.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2)…Bilhana was an 11th-century Kashmiri poet
known for his poem “Chaura-panchasika” or “The Love Thief”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3)…Chaura-panchasika or ‘The Love Thief ‘ is
a 50-stanza poem written by Bihana .Bilhana was in love with Princess
Yaminipurnatilaka, daughter of King Madanabhirama. When the king discovered his
love affair, he threw Bihana into prison.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4)…Bilhana’s other notable work is an epic
“Vikramankadevacharita” based on his patron King Vikramaditya VI of the Western
Chalukyas of Kalyani.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bilhana left his homeland in search of fame
and fortune. He wandered through Mathura, Kanuj, Prayaga, Varanasi, Somnath,
Kalyan and Rameswaram but luck eluded him. But while trekking back through
Kalyan, Western Chalukya Empire King Vikramaditya VI appointed him as
Vidyapathi or the master of sciences. His role was not just to entertain but to
immortalize the reign and achievements of his patron king through his poetry.
This relationship between poet and patron is a key aspect of understanding the
cultural dynamics of the time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In 1948, two producers made movies in Tamil
based on the life story of Bilhana, the celebrated Kashmiri poet. One was by the
famed TKS Brothers who first produced it as a stage play, then as a movie in
April 1948 under the title Bilhanan. In November 1948, the next version was
made with stage and singing star K.R. Ramasami as Bilhana, and the well-known
dancer-actor of that day A R Sakunthala as the lovely princess Yamini. Not many
are aware that during the same period, the South Indian movie mogul T.R.
Sundaram of Modern Theatres released advertisements announcing his version of
Bilhana with M.K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar as the poet. Sadly, the project was
given up as MKT was arrested for his alleged involvement in the sensational
Lakshmikanthan murder case. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bilhana’s life has some tragic element that
was filmed beautifully in the 1948 movie. During his travels, King Madanabhirama
father of Princess Yamini (Sakunthala in the movie ) engaged the poet Bilhana
(Ramasami in the movie ) to educate his daughter. And to prevent any romance
from blossoming between the two, he had told the princess that her Guru is
visually challenged apart from telling Bilhana ( her teacher ) that his student
had many physical deformities. Besides, the King ordered that a curtain be hung
between the two so that the student and the teacher couldn’t see each other. As
per the story, one day while lessons were in progress, Bilhana peeped through
the curtain and was thrilled by the look of his student. He composed a poem
there and then and sang it to his student. The 50-stanza poem came to be known
as Chaura-panchasika or ‘The Love Thief ‘. The Chaurapanchasika is a well-known
work of love poetry that is considered to be one of Bilhana's masterpieces.
Bilhana in this poem writes that Yamini looked like a full moon on a cloudless
sky. And Yamini wondered how a blind man could write about the moon with such brilliance.
Excited, she pulls down the curtain and finds that Bilhana is a handsome young
man while he finds Yamini the personification of female beauty. The two fall in
love at once and decide to marry, but the enraged king sentences them to death.
However, his friends and people rise in revolt against his decision, and
finally, he yields, and the two marry to live happily thereafter. The story in
the movie shows this version where some aspects of Bilhana’s life have been
altered for commercial reasons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> What is unusual about Chaurapanchasika’ or
'The Love Thief' is its continuing popularity and survival into the 21st
century. Its appeal was not only in the universally popular subject of love,
but apparently in the accessible illustrative way in which it was written. The
French translated the poem in 1848, opening it up to Western European
audiences. In turn, poet and journalist Sir Edwin Arnold wrote and illustrated
an English version in 1896. The imagery, metaphors, and ideals of romantic love
abound throughout the verses and are enhanced in Arnold's version by his
accompanying illustrations. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Whatever version of Bilhana ‘s life is shown
in the movie it is a fact that poem ‘ Chaurapanchasika’ is a well-known work of
love poetry that is considered to be one of Bilhana's masterpieces. Some
scholars are of the view that Bilhana wrote the poem in prison after being
arrested by King Madanabhirama who came to know about his secret love affair
with his daughter Yamini.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>( Avtar Mota )</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>PS</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">As per Rajatarangini ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilhana left Kashmir in the 11<sup>th</sup>
century <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during the rule of King Kalasa
of Lohara dynasty .Kalasa was a weak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>king
given to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>immoral activities. He also <span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">involved himself in an
incestuous relationship with his daughter.</span></span> <span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> Kalasa forced
his father King Ananta to go <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>into exile
to Vijyeshwara Tirtha and sat on the throne of Kashmir . He also set the Vijyeshwara
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shrine on fire where the sad King Ananta
was living like an ordinary person. When Vijyeshwara caught fire and flames
rose to sky ,Kalasa danced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in happiness like
a mad man . Unable to bear the humiliation from his own son, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>King Ananta committed suicide. </span></span>Kalasa <span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">spent little time on matters of government
until his later years. Almost anarchy prevailed in his kingdom . Due to almost
civil war like situation, many loyal courtiers and men of learning from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmir <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also left the kingdom. Bilhana was one amongst
many fugitives from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmir .Kalhana also confirms this
in his <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rajatarangini <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as under :- .</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">“ During the reign of King
Kalasa, Bilhana who had gone away from Kashmir and whom King Parmandii of Karnataka
had made Vidyapati …..( Taranga VII Sloka 935 translation R S Pandit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">Many scholars believe that musicologist Sharangdeva's grandfather
Bhaskara ( Ayurvedic physician ,) also left Kashmir during this period. <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b> </b></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" style="font-family: times; font-size: small;" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by </span></span><a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;">A</span></span>utarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-16983088261489667962024-02-14T12:33:00.006+05:302024-02-14T12:35:41.162+05:30SWAMI VIVEKANANDA IN KASHMIR <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTzTIXfKI4oShqagw27yemrn8mUK6sWJ2cSV3iHgZyNQ3z4cPHTnAY8RpjarMepOkvIjS1zOoqidvBuVj-cuo1VsJxPnRlsouGbXbiiNC1Tv6vMUVKHioyZz4Q1zZKuGvhAZtqZ92Sv4YoITL4TRU2rZn_W8M3X0m64NUDKKCEhAWe51zSPbCsmVH95Pxv/s402/FmQIG9RakAEuZ41.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="402" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTzTIXfKI4oShqagw27yemrn8mUK6sWJ2cSV3iHgZyNQ3z4cPHTnAY8RpjarMepOkvIjS1zOoqidvBuVj-cuo1VsJxPnRlsouGbXbiiNC1Tv6vMUVKHioyZz4Q1zZKuGvhAZtqZ92Sv4YoITL4TRU2rZn_W8M3X0m64NUDKKCEhAWe51zSPbCsmVH95Pxv/w380-h254/FmQIG9RakAEuZ41.jpg" width="380" /></a></div><br /> <br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Swami Ji with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monks and some Kashmiri Pandits ….. Kashmir
1897 )</span></b><!--[if !mso]>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SWAMI VIVEKANANDA IN KASHMIR </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Swami Vivekananda
( 1863 –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1902) was a saint, social
reformer, orator , thinker ,teacher and a celebrated spiritual leader of modern
India . He was the foremost disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , the
priest of Kali Temple in Kolkata. Among the wandering monks of India ,Swami
Vivekananda is the first name that comes to my mind . For 5 years , from 1988
to 1993, Swami Ji travelled the entire length and breadth of India to get a close
feel of the people , cultures and spiritual practices as also to spread the
gospel of Hindu reforms and social uplift .</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">His sole possessions were a Kamandalu
(water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The
Imitation of Christ. Swami Ji </span><span class="hgkelc">held the Bhagavad Gita
in high regard. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">He considered it a
spiritual and philosophical guide, emphasizing the importance of its teachings
on duty, righteousness, and devotion</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Swami Vivekananda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was responsible for reviving Hindu culture
and renewing a spirit of nationalism in the Colonial India . He also worked
about to bring Hinduism to the fore and giving it the status of one of the
major religions of the world, by the 19th century. The most famed disciple of
Saint Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda went on to become the founder of the
Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission as well. Vivekananda is probably
best known for his inspiring speech on Hinduism at the Parliament of the
World's Religions, held at Chicago in the year 1893, where he had astounded and
impressed the audience by starting with the phrase, "Sisters and Brothers
of America". While Vivekananda came to be regarded as India's spiritual
ambassador in the United States, he is revered as a patriotic saint in modern
India.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Living
primarily on Bhiksha (alms), Swami Vivekananda travelled on foot and by railway
(with tickets bought by admirers). During his travels he met, and stayed with
Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, Dewans, Rajas, Hindus,
Muslims, Christians, Paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.During
his travels , he visited Nainital, Almora , Kashi, Rishikesh ,Ayodhya , Pune ,
Dehradun, Goa , Madurai , Pondicherry, Kashmir , Allahabad ,Ahmadabad , Mumbai
, Ajmer, Jaipur Kanya-Kumari ,Mathura , Agra , Vrindavan, Bangaluru ,Kutchh ,
Girinar ,Thiruvananthapuram , Nadiad ,Baroda , Mysore,Dwarka , Rameshwaram and
many more places. Finally Swami Ji embarked on his historic journey to America
on May 31, 1993. During his voyage to the US, Swami Ji also visited Japan,
Canada and China. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;">During his travels, he was deeply
moved to see the terrible poverty and backwardness of the masses. He was the
first religious leader in India to understand and openly declare that the real
cause of India’s poverty and backwardness was the neglect of the masses .At
every place where he visited, Swami Ji tried to utilise his spare time by
meeting rulers, saints and sages or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>reading some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ancient
scriptures<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>books about culture<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and history of the place.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In Jaipur, he studied Panini’s
Ashtadhyayi under the tutelage of a </span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/facts-of-sanskrit-in-india/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sanskrit</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Scholar.</span> Swami Ji was invited
by Mangal Singh, the King of Alwar, who did not believe in the practice of idol
worship because of his western outlook. A meeting with Swamiji changed his
attitude towards the idol worship by the Hindus.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In Ghazipur ( UP ), he got in touch with Pavhari Baba, a
great sage. Pavhari Baba was known for his absolute knowledge of Advaita
Vedanta.</span> Pavhari baba had done his religious and spiritual study under
the tutelage of his uncle who was a follower of Ramanuja or Shri sect .<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> On meeting the sage, he felt blessed
and referred to him as a great soul of Bhakti and Yoga .<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In </span></b></span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/varanasi-travel-guide-infographic/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Varanasi</span></a><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> , Swami Ji came across the saints like Trailanga Swami, the authors
like Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, and the Vedic scholars like Babu Pramadadas Mitra. </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">He interacted with and took favour
from whoever came his way without caring their castes and creeds because he
believed in non-duality of the soul. Some of those who were touched by his
noble soul became his disciples and got initiated into service to the nation.
Among them was Sharat Chandra Gupta, a railway station master in Haridwar, who
came to be known as Swami Sadananda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Swami Ji fondly called<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>him Sharat
“the child of my spirit”.<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The </span></b></span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/tag/gujarat/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gujarat</span></a><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> travel was
full of enlightenment for Swami Ji. He studied the Jain scriptures there.</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> He got the idea of preaching Vedanta
in the Western World from Thakur Saheb Jaswant Singh who he came across in
Limbdi. Haridas Viharidas Desai, the Diwan of Junagadh, welcomed him as a
respected guest and became his ardent follower. While </span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/details-of-kaziranga-express-from-delhi-to-assam-kaziranga-national-park/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">traveling by
train</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> in Bombay in 1892,
Swami Ji happened to meet Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a Nationalist in the Freedom
Movement of India. They spent a few days together in Pune. He moved to Panaji
in Goa from Maharashtra, and studied the Christian theology at a convent in </span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/goa-trip-in-one-week/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Goa</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">During his travel to Southern India ,
Swami Ji <b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>met
Ramnad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bhaskara Sethupathi, the then
King of </span></b></span><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/travelbeats/float-festival-of-madurai-a-spectacle-of-lights-lamps-and-fireworks/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Madurai</span></a><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">, who approached him with an urge to participate in the Parliament of
Religions in </span></b><a href="https://www.indianeagle.com/cheap-flights-from-chicago-ord-to-india-in/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Chicago</span></a><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Swami
Ji won the admiration of whoever came in touch with him during the itinerary
across Tamil Nadu. Most of them became <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his
disciples and responded to his call for renunciation in service to the nation.
One of his most ardent disciples in South India was Alasinga Perumal who
collected funds for Swami Ji’s voyage to Chicago by going from door to door.</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"> </span><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In Mysore, he met<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chamaraja Wodeyar, the then King of Mysore who
welcomed him cordially to the Mysore Palace.</span></b> He also met the
Diwan of Cochin. His travel continued till he reached the Southernmost part of
India, Kanyakumari, on foot through Trissur, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, and
Nagercoil. He did not have any money to pay for a boat ride that would take him
across to a rocky island in Kanyakumai . He plunged into the sea and swam
across to get there. There he meditated for three days and had a vision. While
in the West, Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spoke about
India’s great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social
issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the caste system, promoting science
and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty and ending colonial rule.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The places
that Swami Ji visited in the undivided Punjab are: Ambala, Amritsar, Dharamshala,
Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Lahore and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Murree.
In Lahore, Swami Ji spoke before a huge gathering about Vedanta .</span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gossain Tirtha Ram (later
Swami </span></span>Ram Tirath ),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a
professor of mathematics in Lahore was in the audience<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. He was already into spirituality and a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>great impetus was given to his spiritual life
by Swami Vivekananda, whom he saw for the first time at Lahore. The sight of
the great Swami as a Sannyasi kindled in him the urge to don the ochre robe.
Later, he also visited the US to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spread
the message of Vedanta . <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Swami Ji was a great admirer of Sikh Gurus especially Guru Gobind
Singh Ji .</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He described Guru Gobind Singh as a creative genius .Equally
strong was his praise for the Marathas, who rebelled against Mughal power
keeping them away<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from gaining a
foothold in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deccan , the Southern
part of India.This is what he said in Lahore :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Wave
after wave of barbarian conquest has rolled over this devoted land of ours.
This is the land which, after all its sufferings, has not yet entirely lost its
glory and its strength. Here it was that in later times the gentle Nanak
preached his marvellous love for the world. Here it was that his broad heart
was opened and his arms outstretched to embrace the whole world, not only of
Hindus, but of Mohammedans too. Here it was that one of the last and one of the
most glorious heroes of our race, Guru Gobind Singh , after shedding his blood
and that of his dearest and nearest for the cause of religion, even when
deserted by those for whom this blood was shed, retired into the South to die
like a wounded lion struck to the heart, without a word against his country,
without a single word of murmur .”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SWAMI <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JI’S FIRST VISIT TO KASHMIR </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enamoured
by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>natural beauty , abundant spirituality and simplicity of the residents ,
Swami Ji visited Kashmir twice.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
The first time he reached Srinagar was on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>September 10, 1897 accompanied by some monks including <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadananda, Niranjanananda, and Dhirananda .</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>At Srinagar, he was the guest of
Justice Rishibar Mukhopadhyaya.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rishibar
Mukhopadhyay</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">was the Chief
<span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Justice</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">while
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nilambar
Mukhopadhyay was the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prime Minister
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Kashmir State</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> during Maharaja Partap Singh’s rule. On the
third day after his arrival in the Kashmir valley , Swami Ji decided to
pay<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an informal visit to the palace of
Maharaja Partap Singh who was in Jammu at that point in time. Swami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ji was received by Raja Rama Singh brother of
the Maharaja . During this meeting ,Raja Ram Singh sat on the floor and offered
the chair to Swami Ji. Raja Ram Singh was deeply impressed by Swami Ji's philosophy
and zeal to improve the lot of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poor
in India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. Raja Ram Singh made a commitment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to help him<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in carrying out his
mission . During this brief tour ,Swami Ji remained busy meeting delegations of
officials of the Maharaja , groups of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sadhus ,students from schools and colleges and people in general
including Kashmirri Pandits. He also addressed many gatherings . During this
visit , he also visited a few places of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>historic interest in the Kashmir Valley .The purpose of his first visit
was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>primarily to find some land for setting up his
Math in the Kashmir valley.This proposal was turned down by </span>the British
Regent Adelbert Talbot. During this trip to Kashmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, Swami Ji also paid a brief visit to Kheer
Bhawani Temple .<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>left Srinagar for Baramulla and reached
Murree on October 8 and from there to Rawalpindi on October 16, 1897. This was
a brief visit .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWAMI
JI’S SECOND VISIT TO KASHMIR </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
summer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of 1898 , Swami Ji visited<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmir the second time .He came<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>via Rawalpindi, Murree and Baramulla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sister Nivedita, Mrs. Ole Bull and Miss
MacLeod accompanied him. From June 22 to July 15, 1898 Swami Ji and his western
guests<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stayed in houseboats <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(dungas)</span> on the Jhelum River in
Srinagar city .</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Visit To Kheer
Bhawani Shrine at Tulamula <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On June 26, 1898,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Swami Ji decided to go<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Kheer Bhawani Temple in Tulamula .His
disciples also joined him<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. A Doonga
boat was hired . Accompanied by some Kashmiri Pandits and his Western disciples
, Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>arrived at Tulamula. Swami Ji
was moved by the gesture of the Doonga Hanji ( boatman ), who although being a
Muslim, didn’t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>allow</span> him and his
Christian disciples to land with shoes on in Tulamula , " so thoroughly
Hinduistic," wrote<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nivedita,
"is the Mohammedanism of Kashmir with its forty Rishis, and pilgrimages
made fasting, to their (i.e. the Hindus') shrines." </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At Tulamula ,Swami Ji would spend his time in
praying inside the shrine .One day at <b>Kheer Bhavani</b> ,Swami Ji had been thinking
over the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vandalism of the temple by the
Muslim invaders time and again. Troubled at heart, he thought : "How could
the people have permitted such sacrilege without offering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tough resistance! If I had been here then, I
would never have allowed such a thing. I would have laid down my life to defend
the Mother ”. Thereupon, he heard the voice of the Goddess saying: "What
if unbelievers should enter My temple and defile My image? What is that to you?
Do you protect Me, or do I protect you?" Referring to this experience
after his return, he said to his disciples : "All my patriotism is gone.
Everything is gone. Now it is only Mother! Mother! I have been very wrong. I am
only a little child”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another day, during <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his worship, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>thought of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>building a new temple
in the place of a present dilapidated one. He had also built a monastery and
temple at Belur . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He even thought of
trying to raise funds from his wealthy American disciples and friends. At once
the Mother appeared <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to him saying <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: "My child! If I so wish I can have
innumerable temples and monastic centres. I can even this moment raise a
seven-storied golden temple on this very spot." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Since I heard that divine voice," Swami
Ji <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>later said, "I have ceased
making any more plans. Let these things be as Mother wishes “. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After returning from his Amarnath Yatra ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Swami Ji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>again went to Tulamula on September 30 leaving strict instructions that
no one was to follow him. He returned from Kheer Bhawani Temple on October 6
.During this visit , he<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>performed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>daily Homa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Havan),</span> and worshipped Her with offerings of Kheer (thickened
milk) made from one maund of milk, rice, and almonds. He also performed Kanya
Pooja . Every morning he worshipped a Brahmin Pandit's little daughter as Uma
Kumari, the Divine Virgin. He practised severe austerities. He became like a
child before the Divine Mother. At the Kheer Bhawani Temple , he was no more a reformer
, religious<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leader or orator or great
thinker . He had become a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monk in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pure Sanyasa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 92.05pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Local<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Excursions </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 92.05pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swami Ji also did some local
excursions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with his disciples. Swami Ji
went to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shankaracharya Temple</b> . This
small, massively built Shiva temple that stands atop the Shankaracharya Hill rises
a thousand feet above the surrounding terrain. Swami Ji was fascinated by the
beauty of the lake<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as seen from the top
of the hill . The extensive sweep of the scene from the hill drew from the
Swami the exclamation : "Look, what genius the Hindu shows in placing his
temples! He always chooses a grand scenic effect! See, it commands the whole of
Kashmir. The rock of <b>Hari Parbhat</b> rises red out of blue water, like a
lion couchant, crowned. And the temple of <b>Martand</b> has the entire<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>valley at its feet!" Swami Ji also went
to Hari Parbhat and Mughal gardens . Swami Ji also visited Pandrethn Temple
along with his disciples <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Visit To
Ananatnag District By Boat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On July 19, Swami Ji and his disciples started
for their journey to many places in the Anantnag district <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by boat. They halted their boat at the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>old Temple of <b>Pandrethan</b> (derived from
Puran-adhishthana meaning "old capital") that lay sunk in a
dirty<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pond within a forest close to the Jhelum
River . Swami Ji was pained to see the beautiful temple with four doorways
opening to the cardinal points lying in ruinous state. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Swami Ji, “The temple had interior
decorations, with their sun-medallion, and to the fine sculpture, in low
relief, of male and female figures intertwined with serpants. From the outside
, it had an image of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buddha standing with
hands uplifted. And there was a much-defaced frieze, showing a seated woman and
a tree. This evidently represented <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maya
Devi, the Buddha's mother “. "To the Swami," writes Sister Nivedita,
"the place was delightfully suggestive," and she adds : "It was
a direct memorial of Buddhism, representing one of the four religious periods
into which he had already divided the history of Kashmir : 1) Tree and snake
worship, from which dated all the names of the springs ending in Nag, as
Veernag and so on; 2) Buddhism; 3) Hinduism in the form of sun-worship; and 4)
Mohammedanism. Sculpture he told us, was the characteristic art of Buddhism.
The figures with the serpants reffered to pre-Buddhism” .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moving up the river, the party came next day
(July 20) to the ruins of the two great temples of <b>Avantipora</b>. Its
sculptures drew his admiration. In his view the temples were more than two
thousand years old. Swami Ji said in the course of conversation: "In order
to strengthen the national life, we must reinforce the current of that life
itself along the line of its own culture of ideals. For instance, Budha
preached renunciation, and India heard. Yet within a thousand years, she had
reached her highest point of national prosperity. The national life in India
has renunciation as its source. Its highest ideals are <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seva (service) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mukti (liberation ) “.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On July 21, Swami Ji and his party arrived at
the temple of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bijbehara.The town</span>
was already thronging with Amarnath pilgrims. The Party made a nighthalt in
Bijbihara .After visiting the temple, they left for Anantnag which was reached
on the afternoon of July 22. On the 23rd morning, the party went to see the
ruins of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Martand<b>.</b></span>
"It had been a wonderful old building <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>evidently more abbey than temple, ” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>writes Nivedita, "and its great interest
lay in the obvious agglomeration of styles and periods in which it had grown up
“. On July 25 the party went on to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Achhabal</span>
garden and in the afternoon came back to Anantnag. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Visit To The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Holy Amar Nath Cave </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Swami
Vivekananda had great attraction for Lord Shiva since his childhood. As he grew
older his love for Shiva became deeper. And now in the Himalayas, the abode of
Shiva, the thought of Him was uppermost in the Swami Ji's mind. To his
disciples, he would almost daily speak about Shiva, Shakti, Purusha,Prakriti,
Ardhanarishawara and many issues relating to Shiva Sadhana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. To him, It represented the junction of two
great streams of thought, Monasticism and Mother-worship; or it represented the
vision of truth where renunciation through philosophy and supreme love become
inseparable. And "he understood, he said, for the first time the meaning
of the nature-story that made the Ganga fall on the head of Lord Shiva, and
wander in and out amongst His matted locks, before she found an outlet on the
plains below.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During this visit to Kashmir ,Swami Ji had
made an unsusseful attempt to visit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
holy Amar Nath cave alone via Sonamarg.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>On
July 10, he had left alone for a pilgrimage to holy <b>Amarnath cave<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>by way of Sonamarg. On the 15<sup>th</sup>
he returned, having found that route impracticable because the summer heat had
melted some of the glaciers. Again during the visit to Ananatnag areas , Swami
Ji felt a deep desire to go to Amarnath via Pahalgham. It was at Achhabal that
the Swami announced his intention of going to <b>Amarnath</b> with the two or
three thousand pilgrims then en <i>route </i>to that shrine. As a special
privilege, Sister Nivedita was allowed to join him as a pilgrim. It was settled
that his other Western disciples would accompany the party as far as Pahalgam
and there wait for the Swam Ji's return. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On July 27 the party halted for a night at <b>Bhavan</b>
(also called <b>Mattan</b>) and reached Pahalgam on July 28. Throughout the
rest of the journey Swami Vivekananda would bathe in the holy waters , offer
flowers, fruits and sweets to the object of worship before breaking his fast,
make obeisance by prostrating himself on the ground, tell his beads, make
ritual circumambulation, and the rest. At every halt, Swami Ji's tent was
besieged by scores of monks seeking knowledge from him. Many of them could not
understand his broad and liberal views on religious matters. The Muslim
Tehsildar, the state official in charge of the pilgrimage, and his
subordinates, were so attracted to the Swami Ji <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that they attended his talks daily and
afterwards entreated him to initiate them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On July 30 , Swami Ji <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>left for <b>Chandanwari.</b> Next day a steep
climb towards <b>Pissu</b> top followed and then a long walk on the narrow path
that twisted round the mountain-side. At last they camped (July 31) at <b>Wavjan</b>
at a height of 12,500 ft. Next day (August 1), after crossing the <b>Mahagunas</b>
Top, a pass at 14,500 ft., they reached <b>Panchtarani,</b> the "place of
five streams". </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On August 2, the day of <b>Amarnath</b>
itself, there was first a steep climb followed by a descent, where a wrong step
would have meant death. They walked across a glacier till they reached a
flowing stream. When Swami Vivekananda reached the cave, his whole frame was
shaking with emotion. The cave itself, says Nivedita, was "large enough to
hold a cathedral, and the great ice-Shiva in a niche of depressed shadow,
seemed as if throned on its own base." His body covered with ashes, his
face aflame with devotion to Shiva, the Swami entered the shrine itself, nude
except for a loin-cloth, and prostrated in adoration before the Lord. A song of
praise from a hundred throats resounded in the cave, and the shining purity of
the great ice-linga over-powered him. He almost swooned with emotion. A
profound mystical experience came to him, of which he never spoke, beyond
saying that Shiva Himself had appeared before him, and that he (the Swami) had
been granted the grace of Amarnath, the Lord of Immortality, namely not to die
until he himself should choose to do so. Shri Ramkrishna had prophesied
regarding this disciple of his : "When he realises who and what he is, he
will no longer remain in the body!" </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Never had Swami Ji , in visiting a holy place,
felt such spiritual exaltation. Afterwards he said to his European disciple,
"The image was the Lord Himself. It was all worship there. I never have
been to anything so beautiful, so inspiring!" </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">French
Nobel Laureate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Romain Rolland</b> in his
book (page 162 ),<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“The life of
Vivekananda “</b> writes this about Swami Ji’s visit to Amar Nath cave in
Kashmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:-</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">“On
August 2, the day of the annual festival, they arrived at the enormous cavern
large enough to contain a vast cathedral: at the back rose the ice-lingam-the
great Shiva Himself. Everyone had to enter naked, his body smeared with ashes.
Behind the others, trembling with motion , Vivekananda entered in an almost
fainting condition; and there, prostrate ,in the darkness of the cave , before
that whiteness, surrounded by the music of hundreds of voices singing, he had a
vision. Shiva appeared to him. He would never say what he had seen or heard.
But the blow of the apparition on his tense nerves was such that he almost
died. When he emerged from the grotto, there was a clot of blood on his left
eye , and his heart was dilated , and never regained<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its normal condition .For days
afterwards,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he spoke of nothing but
Shiva, he saw Shiva everywhere; he was saturated by Him; the snowy Himalaya was
Shiva<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seated on His throne.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the journey back the Swami and party
returned to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anantnag,</span> and from
there by boat to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Srinagar</span> which
they reached on August 8. Following the pilgrimage to <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amarnath<b>,</b></span> the Swami's devotion
became concentrated on the Mother. It was touching to see him worship, as Uma,
the four-year old daughter of his Muslim boatman. He once told his disciples,
during these days, that "wherever he turned, he was conscious of the presence
of the Mother, as if she were a person in the room." </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus we
see during his stay in Kashmir, Swami Vivekananda was in a different world
altogether. Visions of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Baba Amarnath<b>,
</b>Mother Kali</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kheer
Bhavani</span> remained always with him. Later at Belur Math he said ,
"Since visiting Amarnath, I feel as though Shiva were sitting on my head
for twenty-four hours a day and will not come down." </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Kashmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Swami Ji <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and his party were
treated with great respect by the Maharaja Partap Singh ; and during his stay
various high officials visited Swami Ji's houseboat to receive religious
instruction and converse with him on general topics. The party left Kashmir on
October 11 and came down to Lahore. Swamiji reached Belur Math on October 18,
1898.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a matter of routine, </span><span class="hgkelc">Swami Ji slept for <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4 hours</span>
, meditated for most of his day aside from the times he spent cooking with his
disciples, studying the scriptures and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>teaching/preaching.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a life-span of
only 39 years, Swami Vivekananda, who spread the message of India's spiritual
heritage across the world, battled several health problems all along</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span class="hgkelc">On 4 July 1902, at a very young age (39 years ) , Swami
Ji passed away while meditating. According to his disciples, Vivekananda
attained Mahasamādhi- the rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported
as a possible cause of death.</span> <span class="hgkelc">Swami Vivekananda's
last rites were performed <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the
precincts of Belur Math, Kolkata</span>. There is a Mahasamadhi Mandir built on
the spot where his body was cremated. </span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Talking
about Swami Vivekananda, <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jawaharlal
Nehru said, “Rooted in the past, full of pride in India’s prestige, he was yet
modern in his approach to life’s problems, and was a kind of bridge between the
past of India and her present.” </span><a href="https://www.caleidoscope.in/featured/the-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> said,
“Swami Ji harmonised the East and the West, religion and science, past and
present.” It is no surprise that he managed to inspire two differing political
ideologues to speak in unison!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Na takht-o-taaj mein na
lashkar-o-sipah mein hai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jo baat mard-e-qalandar ki bargaah
mein hai” ….<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Allama Iqbal</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(A
monarch’s pomp and mighty arms can never give such glee,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
can be felt in presence of a Qalandar bold and free .)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Avtar Mota)</span></b></p>
<p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-83586235542623897882024-02-14T12:26:00.003+05:302024-02-14T12:26:55.339+05:30CECIL TYNDALE BISCOE (1863-1949) IN KASHMIR<p><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <br /></span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-Ez6Kxp-nT1WJvMFX2eHyXVcnNtdI8K6km7zATQjbyRNf_7i-oFgrQHV-nl9LEdVaateno-e0g7CPT0yTW3Wqu3uTalRvcqq-oA8AMjttEcrRlY1lb3UFL7e9Egl42wzE1mwxnwqt25-gnDEr0jxYJUX5YjMRH9j1q8OZxSas1bf2VkLAxa2TpE55CdB/s195/Untitl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="132" data-original-width="195" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-Ez6Kxp-nT1WJvMFX2eHyXVcnNtdI8K6km7zATQjbyRNf_7i-oFgrQHV-nl9LEdVaateno-e0g7CPT0yTW3Wqu3uTalRvcqq-oA8AMjttEcrRlY1lb3UFL7e9Egl42wzE1mwxnwqt25-gnDEr0jxYJUX5YjMRH9j1q8OZxSas1bf2VkLAxa2TpE55CdB/w244-h224/Untitl.jpg" width="244" /></a></span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CECIL <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TYNDALE <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BISCOE (1863-1949)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IN KASHMIR </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><em><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The day after my arrival,
Knowles and I walked through the city … a walk not to be forgotten. I recall
what attracted my attention most. The stench, the utter filth of the streets,
notwithstanding the thousands of pariah dogs, starving donkeys and cows trying
to get a living from this foulness . Most of the houses had thatched roofs. I
was astonished to see not a single chimney, and only one house, that of the
Governor, had glass windows.”……<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tyndale
Biscoe</b></span></em><em><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">This is how Cecil Tyndale Biscoe describes Srinagar city
when he arrived in the Kashmir valley . He saw poverty , shabbiness and
illiteracy everywhere. Opportunities for modern education were non-existent in
the Kashmir valley, at a time when the rest of British India was much ahead.
Traditionally, Pandit boys were taught Sanskrit in <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pathshalas</span></em>
run by Brahmins, whereas Muslim boys were taught Arabic in <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Maktabs</span></em> that were linked to
mosques. In addition, some Pandits taught Persian to both Hindu and Muslim boys
in their homes, in return for a nominal fee. With Persian becoming the court
language, this, and some arithmetic , were added to the teaching. By 1872, the
state had responded to repeated requests from the community and opened a few
schools in Srinagar, but these mirrored the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pathshalas</span></em> and
the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Maktabs. </span></em>This situation changed
dramatically with the arrival of the Christian Mission Society in 1864. This
society set up the first hospital in the city, followed by a school in 1880,
both in the face of enormous opposition from the orthodox residents. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Biscoe was appalled by what he saw when he entered the
school for the first time. The boys, nearly all 250 of them came to school
dressed in their <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">pherans</span></em>, many of
them holding a <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kangri </span></em>(fire pot) under it. Many of
them 20 years in age and most of them were married and were already fathers.
Discipline was lax and there was no uniform. The school was supposed to start
at 11 a m but the students would report in till midday. The boys refused to
take part in sports. The Brahmins boys would not touch<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the football or an oar for fear of being
contaminated . Students abhorred any form of physical exercise as it would make
them muscular and make them look like lower caste men. Biscoe found the
Kashmiris coward, shabby, superstitious, haughty and lacking in sound moral
education. However, he appreciated their great sense of humour, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>acting skills.</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Using </span><a href="https://kashmirlife.net/a-battle-for-schooling-kashmir-vol-14-issue-28-301152/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">unconventional teaching methods</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> that challenged
the</span><a href="https://kashmirlife.net/subhan-hajams-legendary-battle-vol-14-issue-21-298685/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> orthodox social order </span></a>and<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ultimately left an indelible mark in the Kashmir valley .</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> He made
the most sincere effort to reshape the educational landscape of Kashmir. He </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">was a key
player in pushing Kashmiris to modern education and a better understanding of
the world around them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before his
journey to Kashmir, Biscoe worked as a curate in poor areas of London. In
December 1890, he arrived in Kashmir from Amritsar where he had come from
England. At that time, James Hinton Knowles had already arrived in Kashmir and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>started a school for boys. This school had 60
students . In March 1892, Knowles left Srinagar, leaving Biscoe in full charge
of the four schools: the Central School at Fateh Kadal, the High School at
Anantnag, and two junior schools in Srinagar at Habba Kadal and Rainawari. </span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FOOTBALL, BOATING , BOXING<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>AND<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MOUNTAINEERING <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since day one of his joining,
Tyndale Biscoe placed emphasis on physical activities including mountaineering,
tug-of-war, trekking, boxing, boating, football, and cricket. When football was
introduced in the valley, there was resistance initially. Some Hindu students
felt that touching the ball made of cow leather was against their religion.
When asked to play compulsorily, Hindu boys played football with a wooden clog
(known as Khraav in Kashmiri) in their feet. Tyndale Biscoe was adamant on
extracurricular activities and football became immense popular in Kashmir. Now
the school organizes annual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tyndale
Biscoe Invitational Football Tournament</b> held in honour of Tyndale Biscoe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the Sheikh Bagh Campus. About introducing
football in Kashmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, Tyndale Biscoe
writes this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The boys, as
I’d expected, refused to play. They cried and blubbered and kicked. Some lay
down moaning, so I took out my watch and said, ‘Now, you fellows; five
minutes.You start kicking this ball in five minutes or I start kicking
you’.They refused. They spat and whined. I held my watch and when the five
minutes was nearly up I called off the seconds. Still they refused to kick, so
I and the masters went after those boys with sticks. We made them kick and they
did kick, quite furiously, while angry crowds on the side-lines jeered, hooted
and cursed, but took no actual action. Soon one boy was smacked in the face by
the flying ball. He fell to the ground in horror. Leather had touched him,
touched his face-his very lips! His face was defiled. If he touched it with his
hand his hand was defiled. So, as he could not do as he would and would not do
what he could, he did the next best thing, which was to lie on the ground and
call on his assorted gods to save him. The crowd, meantime, grew more menacing.
They leaped into the playing fields and my masters deserted me. Luckily the
idea of sacred waters entered my head. The Hindu considers many rivers sacred
and holy; among them the Jhelum. ‘Take the boy down to the canal and wash him
there lies his salvation,’ I commanded. This worked. Irate Hindus ceased
threatening me and took the boy away to be bathed. The other players streaked
for safety, but I brought them back and made them finish that game out. It took
me twenty years of alternate threat and persuasion eventually to kill that
opposition, but kill it we did, and today not only our school, but every school
in Kashmir, has passable football teams.”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biscoe’s
desire to start boating, a loved activity in a city that had rivers and lakes
was met with a cultural impediment .When boating was introduced , students did
not like it because, in the orthodox Kashmiri society, boatmen weren't
considerd respectable .However, due to determined efforts of Tyndale Biscoe,
students of the Mission School became<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>efficient paddlers and rowers. </span>Implementing the school motto , “In
All Things Be Men “, he introduced boating as a much needed extra-curricular
activity for the school students. The orthodox Brahmins resisted it for
sometime but due to the relentless efforts of Tyndale Biscoe, students from all
communities joined this activity . The school boys were taken to Dal Lake and
also to Wular Lake</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">for
boating and swimming .July 17, 1906 was a historic day in Kashmir when four
swimmers – Darim Chand, Assad Joo, Gana Koul, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nedou – attempted the first-ever crossing of
Wular Lake. Biscoe, accompanied by Dr Sam Barton in a boat as a precaution,
joined them. Although three swimmers eventually gave up, Darim Chand and Biscoe
persevered, completing the swim to Baba Shukr-u-Din.<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">The
annual regatta organised by the Biscoe school became an institution, and huge
crowds started turning out on the riverbanks to watch the rowing and swimming
events. All boys had to pass the swimming examination or risk paying double
tuition fees.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Tyndale
Biscoe was the first person to introduce boxing in Kashmir through Mission
Schools. Here also he faced resistance as the boys initially refused to wear
gloves believing that these were made of animal skin. Boxing also achieved
popularity through untiring efforts of Tyndale Biscoe. Rcently two teenage
players from Pampore in South Kashmir's Pulwama district have won gold medals
at the second World Mixed Boxing Championship. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Trekking
and mountaineering started by Tyndale Biscoe in Mission School were readily
accepted by Kashmiris . Both Muslims and Hindus in Kashmir had no issue with
it. In fact Hindus were already familiar with many trekking and mountain routes
that led to their sacred places in the Kashmir valley . Tyndale Biscoe named
the four houses of the Sheikh Bagh school as Mahadev, Tatakooti, Harmukh and
Kolhai, all names of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>high mountains in
the Kashmir valley .</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BICYCLE IN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KASHMIR </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some time around
1890, Tyndale Biscoe brought the first bicycle to Kashmir. He would use it as
his local conveyance. As and when,Tyndale Biscoe would move to downtown
Fatehkadal on his bicycle , Pandits and Muslims would line up on the road to
see what the metallic animal Tyandle Biscoe was riding . It was named as
“Biscoe sahib ka djjin “.So a bicycle was a Djjin for Kashmiris initially. They
also named it as –‘zal-gur’ later .There is a popular story in Kashmir that
once a Kashmiri lady came with some animal feed and put it in front of Tyandale
Biscoe’s bicycle . She presumed it to be some unknown beast of burden.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I
quote relevant excerpts from the book, ‘</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tyndale Biscoe Of
Kashmir ’<b>:-</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“we usually went to school by boat until I brought the first Bicycle to
Kashmir, which caused even more astonishment than did the first motor car many
years later.My first bicycle ride was at night .As I passed a coolie carrying a
load , I heard a shriek and on looking back , I saw the coolie shouting in
terror .“ moodus ha ! mooduss ha ! or I am dead ! I am dead !” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poor fellow, he had heard much of the Djjins
and had at last seen one with his own eyes .What a grand tale he must have had
to tell when he reached his home !”</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SOCIAL SERVICE </span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biscoe did not shy away from tackling deeply entrenched social
practices that would normally be considered outside the ambit of his functional
duties. Some areas where he played laudable <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>role could be summed up as under:-</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Child Marriage </span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He opposed child marriage tooth and nail. Boys who got married
before the age of eighteen were charged double tuition fees, in an attempt to
put an end to this custom.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Widow Remarriage</span></b></p>
<p class="gmail-msonospacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="x193iq5w"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr Kate Knowles spent three decades (1888-1917) in Kashmir to
treat Kashmiri women in small dispensaries in Srinagar and finally was able to
establish ‘Church of England Zenana Hospital’ which is now called JLNM
Hospital, Rainawari.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Through her work, Dr Knowles
discovered the grim conditions in which women lived, particularly the
detrimental effects of early marriage, early widowhood, and the prohibition on
widow remarriage. <span style="color: #2a2a2a;">The school took up the thorny
issue of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>widow remarriage, going to the
extent of organising marriages for widows and finding priests<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who would officiate at them. In fact the
first remarriage of two young widows took place in May 1928 through the efforts
of the school .The Brahmin priests who had agreed to perform the ceremony
dropped out at the last minute, but the headmaster of the school, himself a
Brahmin priest, stepped in and married them. This event was followed by
relentless campaigning with the Maharaja to end this practice till he finally
enacted a State Law permitting widows to remarry in 1933. </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biscoe took the first step toward ending
the curse of widowhood, and here is the official church report on this issue:</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-msonospacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“After much preliminary spade work, two
men and two widows had been found willing to face the music and go contrary to
orthodoxy. So, on the day before Ascension Day, 300 Brahman guests marched to
fetch the bridegrooms, and brought them to the house of the two waiting brides
at 6.30 am. But when the ceremony should have begun it was discovered that the <i>padres</i>
had bolted! However, one of our Sanskrit teachers is a priest, so he performed
the ceremony, for which heinous sin he is the target for the poisonous darts of
the enraged priesthood.”</span></p>
<p class="gmail-msonospacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And Tyndale Biscoe writes this:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“On a May morning in 1928 at six-thirty,
Shanker Koul, Headmaster of the C.M.S. school, Srinagar, led his school staff
and 100 old students, all Brahmans, to a house where two Brahman bridegrooms,
who were brave enough to face the music, were ready to march to a house a mile
distant, where two young Brahman widows were also prepared to face the ordeal.
Shanker Koul had arranged with three Brahman priests to perform the marriage
ceremonies. But their courage had failed and they bolted. So one of our school
staff, a Brahman priest, a brave fellow, married them . This marriage caused a
great uproar in the city. But like all storms, this one blew itself out in
time. Shortly afterwards, Shanker Koul led a deputation of old school students
to His Highness the Maharajah to ask him to enact a State Law, permitting the
re-marriage of Hindu widows. But their request was refused. Undismayed, two
years later, he tried his luck again with the help of Mr. Wakefield who was
Secretary to His Highness, and this time his request was granted. The
remarriage of Hindu widows became law in Kashmir, but the Brahman Sabha refused
to accept it. The President, however, of the Yuvak Sabha (grandson of a late much-feared
President of the Brahman Sabha who was a great enemy of the C.M S schools)
persuaded his party to put an end to the persecution and cruelties perpetrated
on Hindu widows, and so at long last brought victory! I never expected in my
lifetime to witness this miracle. “</span></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.In
his book ,’ Kashmir Under Sunlight And Shade’ , Tyndale Biscoe pays glowing
tributes to Pandit Shanker Kaul and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>writes this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“ I must
express my thanks to my headmaster, Mr Shanker Pandit, B A , who has allowed me
to draw upon his knowledge of the ancient history of Kashmir, and of the
various rites and ceremonies, both of Hindus and Mohammedans, with respect to
birth, death, marriage, etc. What my friend Shanker does not know concerning
his country is not worth knowing.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3( 3)</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Money Lending Practice </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He tried
in his own way to raise his voice against blood-sucking practices of money
lenders in Kashmir. Tyndale Biscoe writes this <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:-</span></p>
<pre style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I discovered, quite accidentally, that more than half of my staff were in debt, mostly to blood-sucking moneylenders, who charge 36 or 40 per cent interest per mensem, and are not at all anxious to be paid off. A fund was started, and we took on all their debts, so that they might be in debt to the school; for how can a man be free when he is tied hand and foot to a blood- sucker? We charged them Io per cent, 5 per cent to go to the person who advanced the coin, and 5 per cent to the School Benevolent Fund. The result is that nearly all the original members are out of debt, and we used the fund for helping others in monetary difficulties.”</span></pre><pre style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></pre>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4( 4 )</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cholera Epidemics </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Despite
the challenges, during the Great Cholera Epidemic of 1892, Biscoe endeavoured
to maintain certain school activities, such as cricket, to counter the
prevailing terror. However, these efforts were eventually halted. </span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">During cholera epidemics, they would get involved in
cleaning drains and courtyards, advise the residents on the need for hygiene
and cleanliness, tend to the sick, take patients by boat to the Mission
hospital and escort them in, or simply take the chronically ill for boat rides
on the lake so they could get some fresh air, without making any distinctions
of religion, caste or social standing</span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The bravery exhibited by the teachers
from the Mission School during the epidemic was commendable, and six boys even
volunteered to assist in caring for the sick, tragically resulting in the death
of one. In his autobiography<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>Tyndale<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biscoe writes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1892, 500 to 700 persons died of
cholera per day in Kashmir valley. The Mullahs and the Brahmin priest won't
allow people to take western medicine. The Mullah and the Brahmin priest wrote
Allah and Shiva on a piece of paper and asked people to swallow it with Jhelum
water that was already full of cholera germs. Later people started visiting
Mission Hospital and lives of so many could be saved. One incident relating to
a cholera patient is worth mentioning. He was in the third stage of cholera.
The only option was the blood transfusion. Dr Arthur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neve did it by opening a vein in his own arm
and transferring it with a rubber tube into his vein. Dr Neve and I spent a
night at the hospital and hoped for the best, but it was not to be .<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">”</b></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Girls Education</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most of Biscoe’s clashes with the orthodox
Kashmiris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cropped up because of women,
and since he was continually landing in hot water over females, he decided to
add a girls <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>school, first of its kind in
Kashmir where according to him ,” 95 per cent of the women<a name="_GoBack"></a>
are kept veiled and under guard ” . </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Both Biscoe and Knowles recognised the
urgent need for a girls school in the city. Drawing upon her teaching
experience in England, Knowles was ready to establish one. Biscoe provided the
school buildings at Habba Kadal, along with some of his staff, to start a mixed
school. The girls school commenced in November 1907<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the same buildings where the dispensary
had previously operated . The idea of educating girls had intrigued Biscoe
since Knowles’s work from 1907 to 1912, but it truly came to fruition in the
mid-1920s with the arrival of Muriel Mallinson, who would oversee the girls school
and the successful remarriage of two Hindu widows.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The </span><a href="https://kashmirlife.net/biscoes-kashmir-1935-issue-48-vol-12-260839/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">end of 1940 marked the fiftieth
anniversary</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">of Biscoe’s arrival in Srinagar, where
he embarked on his life’s work. Despite being 77 years old, he still held the
official position of principal for the six boys schools and one girls school,
although the primary responsibilities had shifted to his son Eric for the boys schools
and Muriel Mallinson for the girls <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>school.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-msonospacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stopping Prostitution </span></b></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prostitution
had existed in Kashmir since ancient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kalhana, in his
Rajtaranghni, has censured some of the kings for patronising prostitutes and
courtesans. The Afghan period in Kashmir was the worst period in this regard.
Amir Khan Jawan Sher the Afghan Governor <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>institutionalised this activity and all those
involved in the trade were registered. Kashmiri slaves, both women and men were
exported to Kabul. With the licensing of prostitution, certain unscrupulous
elements found the job profitable which assumed a shape of business venture for
them. The people came to be known as ‘Kanjar’ or ‘Dalla’ and worked as agents
for supply of girls for the red lights areas outside Kashmir, such as Quetta,
Peshawar, Lahore, Delhi, Lucknow and Kolkata. In Srinagar city, the red light
areas of Maisuma, Gawakadal and Tashwan( Fatehkadal ) became prominent. Under
directions of the British, after the devastating famine of 1877-78 the
Maharaja’s government conducted a survey in 1880 revealed that there were about
18715 licensed prostitutes involved in flesh trade in the valley.</span> <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
survey made by the Church Mission Society in Srinagar, revealed that during the
years 1877 to 1879, the total number of patients treated in the Mission
Hospital were about 12,977 cases and 2,516 out of them were venereal diseases.
The syphilitic disease was spreading like wild fire throughout Kashmir.</span> <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No
political leader of the period<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>raised
his voice against the flesh trade. Neither did plight of the innocent young
girls engage attention of the leaders of the religious reform movements. It was
a gallant barber from Srinagar by the name of Mohmammad Subhan Hajam who went
on a crusade against the flesh trade in Kashmir. Subhan owned ‘Prince
Hair-Cutting Salon’ near present day Lal-Chowk, Srinagar. Despite his meagre
income and frail physique, he was equipped with great moral courage to face all
challenges.</span></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hajam
was helped in his mission by Tyndale Biscoe and his wife, Blanche Violet Burges
. It was with Biscoe’s help that he could publish pamphlets for distribution
among the people about the immoral menace in society. Master Mohammad Sidiq of
Biscoe School provided much needed support to Hajam.</span></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After
selling his shop and losing his government job, he was rendered jobless. It was
Biscoe who instilled courage in him and gave him the job of shaving the heads
of 100 British boys and teachers of the Biscoe School. Tyndale Biscoe and Hajam
knew each other already as the former was a regular customer at the latter’s
shop.</span></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Finally,
the Maharaja was approached through a number of memorandums and appeals,
drawing his attention towards the evil and seeking his intervention. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Besides, the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">durbar</span></em> was requested
to help trace the girls who were sold out by their relatives to the brothels
under the pretence of marriages outside Jammu and Kashmir. Tyndale Biscoe wrote
about it: “This has not cured the evil, but it has put temptation at a
distance.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Floods<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and Fires </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> During the
devastating flood of 1893, the Mission School boys made use of the school boats
to rescue people stranded on rooftops, exemplifying their courage and
selflessness. During subsequent floods , Tyndale Biscoe would lead a contingent
of the school boys for assisting people affected by floods . The boys would
come with boats , dry<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>food and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>clothes .Similarly during fires , he would
take his boys to the spot and help people<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in dousing the fire apart from keeping watch and ward on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>goods retrieved from burning houses . These
facts have been recorded in detail in the book, ‘Kashmir Under Sunlight And
Shade’. In this book , Biscoe writes this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “Opportunities
for social service in a city like Kashmir are endless, so we tackled the most
obvious first—viz. the distress of the owners of houses when their property
took fire ; and in the early days of which we are writing I suppose there must
have been as many fires in the city within twelve months as there are days in
the year.”</span></p>
<p style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biscoe dedicated a life-time of service to the cause of
education in Kashmir, spending the best part of 60 years in Srinagar. He
uprooted himself reluctantly from the State in 1947, soon after</span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"> </span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">India became independent, but only because he was
advised that his presence might cause difficulties for the new Principal. He
moved to Rhodesia, where he passed away eighteen months later at the age of 86.
During his brief stay there, he worked on his autobiography and remained in
touch with his trusted staff, offering them advice and encouragement. Each of
his letters ended with the words, “My body is in Africa but my soul is in
Kashmir” .</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Eventually, on August 1, 1949, he passed away and was laid to
rest beside his wife, with whom he had shared 56 years of marriage, in the
cemetery near Salisbury Cathedral.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">At the time of his departure, there were six CMS schools
for boys and the first school for girls, the Mallinson School, which was
started in 1912. After 1947, at least four Chief Ministers and several
government ministers, senior bureaucrats, engineers, media personalities,
doctors , and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lawyers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were alumni of the Biscoe school. The six
schools underwent several upheavals and reversals of fortune in the decades
that followed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At present, there is a
functioning Biscoe School for boys and a Mallinson School for girls in Srinagar
city. Both the schools kept the light of education beaming even during the dark
days of Pakistan sponsored terrorism in Kashmir .</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Mein akela hee chala tha janibe
manzil magar,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>log saath aate gaye aur caravan banta gaya!”…..<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Majrooh Sultanpuri</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(I
set off alone towards my goal, but,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>people came along and it began to turn into a
caravan!)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Avtar Mota )</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></strong></p>
<p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a>CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-55924469081686505372024-02-14T12:02:00.005+05:302024-02-14T12:18:52.285+05:30MARC AUREL STEIN IN KASHMIR <p> <br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRxxZO2lTypSp2hPlPULqjfTGCmyTecvui4PrT8eEv4Qk-JFROA0MOEgc7tCqw1CgYzypPHxthRPpFAY68lT82893VAoRtaAToCxQpjmsvBjUxui5iUldlGUmbz1KqIW8uCkOaystle4HscchcfPV5rX_ckA7UgZ7lejJrjbPPVeu_bZJOkY5uyJZFxrAw/s287/Aurel_Stein_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="220" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRxxZO2lTypSp2hPlPULqjfTGCmyTecvui4PrT8eEv4Qk-JFROA0MOEgc7tCqw1CgYzypPHxthRPpFAY68lT82893VAoRtaAToCxQpjmsvBjUxui5iUldlGUmbz1KqIW8uCkOaystle4HscchcfPV5rX_ckA7UgZ7lejJrjbPPVeu_bZJOkY5uyJZFxrAw/s1600/Aurel_Stein_1909.jpg" width="220" /></a></span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><br /></span><!--[if !mso]>
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<p></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> MARC AUREL STEIN IN KASHMIR </span></b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Stein was the
bedrock of India's archaeology, India's history, India's strategic interest in
Central Asia." </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">….<b>Dr Lokesh
Chandra</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sir Marc Aurel Stein is commonly</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> known the
world over for the translation of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kalhana’s , <i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rajatarangini</span></i>, “The River Of Kings” into English from
Sanskrit, was a Hungarian scholar, polyglot, explorer, archaeologist, and
geographer. Born on November 26, 1862, to a Jewish parents in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Budapest, he was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baptized in Christianity to get him exposed
to the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>European culture, education, and
sciences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jewish religion did not allow
Jews in those days to take part in European Christian culture which created obstacles
in their way of getting education in the educational institutions of Europe. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
Dresden University , Germany , he mastered<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>German ,Greek, Latin, French and English languages . He also graduated
in Sanskrit and Persian at the Universities of Vienna and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leipzig. He received PhD in Sanskrit in 1883
at Tubingen University in Germany. During his studies , he came under the
influence of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prof Rudolph Von Roth ( his
brother ) and Prof George Buhler. Rudolf von Roth was a German Indologist,
founder of the Vedic philology. His chief work is a monumental Sanskrit
dictionary, compiled in collaboration with Otto von Böhtlingk. Prof Buhler was
an Indologist who happened to be an outstanding and influential Austrian
scholar of Sanskrit and Prakrit apart from being a member of Asiatic Society .
Bühler held a chair at Elphinstone College, Bombay, and was keeper of the
oriental manuscripts in the Bombay Presidency. He returned to Europe to the Sanskrit
chair at Vienna, where he helped to set up the Oriental Institute. Perhaps his
best known work in the English-speaking world is his translation of ‘The Laws
of Manu’ (Manusmṛti) (1886) for the Sacred Books of the East series. Together
with Judge Sir Raymond West he published the <i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Digest of Hindu Law of Inheritance, Partition and Adoption,</span></i>
third edition, 1884. Buehler toured Kashmir in search of manuscripts .He also
gave details about hitherto unknown authors and their works. Among them were
Kalhana,Bilhana and Ksemendra, the Kashmir poet and polyhistorian whose works
are important for the study of the history of literature and the epics. He
discussed <i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rajatarangini,</span></i>
the chronicles of the Kings of Kashmir. His plan of undertaking translation of
the manuscripts could not be carried out on account of his early death.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KASHMIR
VISIT <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
1887 when Stein was only 26 years old, he left home and came to India where he
worked at Punjab University and Oriental College, Lahore for some time. He
visited Kashmir first in August 1888 and continued his visits to Kashmir till <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>last year of his life .In summers, he would come and usually stay at his
favourite alpine meadow, Mahand Marg in Ganderbal. A tent would be pitched for
him where he would read, write and contemplate in the company of his learned
and scholarly Kashmiri Pandit friends.His brother, Prof Rudolph Von Roth and
George Buhler were guiding and inspiring spirits behind his scholarly pursuits
in studying Sanskrit manuscripts of Kashmir. From Prof Rudolp Von Roth and Prof
Buhler, Aurel Stein had come to know about Rajatarangini and some more
manuscript of Kashmir that needed translation. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROJECT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RAJATARANGINI </span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">William
Moorcroft was the first European to see the manuscript of <i>Rajatarangini</i>
during his Kashmir visit in 1822. Prof Buhler had visited Kashmir in 1875
during the reign of Maharaja Ranbir Singh. All noted Sanskrit scholars of
Kashmir contacted him and showed him Sanskrit manuscripts for examination. However,
he was not shown the manuscript of <i>Rajatangini</i> fully. Buhler was
permitted only a glimpse of <i>Rajatangini</i> manuscript before the owner took
the manuscript away. George Buhler left Kashmir and India without having been
given the manuscript of <i>Rajatarangini</i>. In the colophons of the
manuscript, Buhler saw the name Sivarama as the representative of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmiri Pandit family which alone had always
preserved a copy of the <i>Rajatarangini</i>. Stein <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>had heard about the whole story<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>had also read about it in Buhler’s published
critical notes on Kashmir’s Sanskrit manuscripts.The Pandit who had denied
George Buhler the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rajatarangini
manuscript had died already when Stein arrived on the scene. The three sons of
the late Pandit had cut and divided the manuscript into three parts. Stein’s
endeavours and negotiations for the delivery manuscript bore fruit with the
efforts of a Pandit who was a member of the State Regency Council and whose son
was a pupil of Oriental College Lahore. Stein was able to get codex archetypes
of all extant manuscripts of the chronicle. In 1892, he first published the
“critical edition” of the text of the chronicle only. Then, in 1900 he
published through Westminster, the text with commentated translation under footnotes
of the Pandit Kalhana’s <i>Shloks</i> of the <i>Kavya</i>, titled <i>Rajatangini</i>.
In his long and comprehensive introduction to the chronicle, he has
acknowledged his gratitude to Prof Buhler under whose guidance he had developed
into a world-reputed Sanskrit scholar.Stein devoted himself to the task of
translating Kalhana’s Rajatarangini in the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>summers from 1888 to 1898, he had also, in
between gone for archaeological and geographical expeditions in Kashmir. Stein
had the company and “help” of well-known Pandit Sanskrit scholars that
included Pandit Damodhar, Pandit Govind Koul and others . Pandit Govind Koul
accompanied him at Mahand Marg <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pandit
Govind Koul was a close friend of Pandit Isvara Koul who had partially prepared
Sir George Grierson’s dictionary. <span style="color: black;">Govind Koul was a
polymath and a scholar from Kashmir .In 1874, when Maharaja Ranbir Singh set up
his Translation Department, Pandit Govind Koul was made its incharge. He was
tasked to translate the Sanskrit chronicles of Kashmir into Hindi together with
Pandit Sahaz Bhatt. </span>G<span style="color: black;">eorge Buhler had seen
Pandit Govind Koul’s erudition and scholarship and accordingly, it was he who
recommended Govind Koul to Aurel Stein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.
</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaDQJkmL0YCGEQBxE-YJ3eHbvcSfwxCqdrwUU66G-SrsFCB6foxJvuHQR1JMiB37sCIULObZAzCUA8_1VVYtD25PklgpqoFYCQiyc3TGqJd6wGcGRU00bLGqTbaB-OkZNsUrf2LeYYINFW6viE-P00FkFtsHM4utOru-H8jjWHWCqq6_YKa3kFvYaybTpi/s176/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="176" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaDQJkmL0YCGEQBxE-YJ3eHbvcSfwxCqdrwUU66G-SrsFCB6foxJvuHQR1JMiB37sCIULObZAzCUA8_1VVYtD25PklgpqoFYCQiyc3TGqJd6wGcGRU00bLGqTbaB-OkZNsUrf2LeYYINFW6viE-P00FkFtsHM4utOru-H8jjWHWCqq6_YKa3kFvYaybTpi/s1600/Untitled.jpg" width="176" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">( Govind Koul..Photo Source ..Kashmiri
Pandit Network )</span></b><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From
Pandit Govind Koul, Stein picked up the Kashmiri language and many folktales. Stein
had various geographical and archaeological tours of Kashmir and his book <i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memoir on
Maps: Illustrating the Ancient Geography of Kasmir</span></i> was published in
1899. It was in sharp contrast to all books written on the geography of Kashmir
by other European explorers and scholars of sciences of geography and
archaeology during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It was not his
geography book on Kashmir that earned him a name but his translation of
Kalhana’s <i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rajatarangini</span></i>
that gave him recognition.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">CENTRAL ASIA AND CHINA TRAVELS <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1901, after the completion of the
translation of <i>Rajatangini</i>, he was appointed Inspector of Education by
the British Resident in Kashmir to supervise the progress of education in
Kashmir. Instead of taking the Kashmir education seriously, Stein set out on
antiquarian searches in 1900-1901 and thereafter intermittently till 1930, in
Central Asia, Kashghar, Yarqand, Eastern Turkestan and many more places. He is
credited with making several major archaeological excavations in the old cities
of Khanates in the Xingjian province of China.</span> Stein made four major
expeditions to Central Asia—in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 and 1930. He
brought to light the hidden treasure of a great civilization which by then was
practically lost to the world.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He was a great traveller too who visited the
Central Asian countries and recorded his experiences in his letters to his brother
Ernst Stein. He had a spectacular archaeological expedition into Chinese
Turkestan .He visited Taklamakan desert ,Miran, Khotan,Dunhuang, </span>Mogao
Caves ( known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas"), and many places in
Central asia in search of manuscripts, sculptures , paintings and artefacts. It
was there that he discovered a printed copy of the <i>Diamond Sutra</i>, the
world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls.
He brought<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>24 cases of manuscripts and 4
cases of paintings and relics.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> The
art objects he collected are divided between the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">British Museum</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">British Library</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Srinagar</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Museum, and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" title="National Museum, New Delhi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">National Museum, New Delhi</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeology, a journal published by the
Archaeological Institute of America writes this (volume 50 number 6,
November/December 1997):-<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">"The most
daring and adventurous raid upon the ancient world that any archaeologist had
attempted ." Stein's three expeditions over freezing 18,000-foot Himalayan
passes and across the scorching deserts of Chinese Turkestan, tracing ancient
caravan routes while documenting the spread of Buddhism from India to China,
had filled whole rooms in London's British Museum and Delhi's Museum of Central-Asian
Antiquities (now the National Museum). It took 182 packing cases to hold the
finds of his third expedition (1913-1916) to the region, which he called
Serindia (the Greeks referred to China as Seres, from the word for silkworm).”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Encyclopedia Britannica<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mentions this :-</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“For
British and Europeans he had unearthed the hidden archaeological treasures of
the region, but Swedish author, Jan Myral, though known for his Maoist
ideology, who travelled to Sinkiang region in 1976, has written that the
Central Asian Muslims, Khojas of Turfan city, had a different perception about
Marc Aurel Stein and other European archaeologists who travelled the region at
the turn of the last century. They were all “thieves and spies. What else could
you call men like Aurel Stein…….they travelled, researched and dug, and they
were called scientists and they knighted and given medals and rewards. …… how
could anyone explore countries, roads, and towns that had been known for two
thousand years …… had traded with Europe long before Berlin or Stockholm or St
Petersburg had even been thought about? We had cities when those were forests,
marshes and wilderness”, Khojas of Turfan told him. They told him that
“thieves” stole from them sculptures, paintings and precious antiquarian items.”</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">WORK
AT SRI RAGHUNATH TEMPLE SANSKRIT LIBRARY, JAMMU</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To protect rare
manuscripts and texts lying in private hands, Maharaja Ranbir Singh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>opened the Raghunath Temple Sanskrit
Manuscript Library at Jammu.Pandit Asananda of Jammu ,who was connected with
the royal family of Jammu did some wonderful work by collecting manuscripts
from the people by spending about fifteen thousand rupees from the treasury as
per instructions of Maharaja Ranbir Singh.The Maharaja entrusted manuscript
collection from Kashmir to Pandit Rajkak who was assisted by Pandit Balbadhra,
Pandit Sahib Ram ,Pandit Krishna Bhat ,Pandit Daya Ram and Pandit Sukh Ram.
These Pandits also procured some rare birch bark manuscripts for the Raghunath
Library.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At present, the
Library has more than 6000 manuscripts, of which around 2000 have been
digitised . It also houses more than twenty thousand books .Many manuscripts
preserved in the Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Manuscript Library have been written
in Sharda script.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The collection at the Raghunath Temple
Sanskrit Manuscript Library includes books on grammar, lexicography, prosody,
music, rhetoric, Kavya, drama, fables, Dharmasutras, Mimamsa, Vedanta, Samkhya,
Yoga, Nyaya, Jyotisha, architecture, medicine, epics, Puranas, Bhakti and
Tantra.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Professor Buhler's write
ups, Aurel Stein came to know about Maharaja Ranbir Singh's private collection
of manuscripts held inside Sri Raghunath Ji Temple complex, Jammu. Stein had
come to Kashmir to collect Sanskrit and Sharda manuscripts .After
completing his task with the help of his many Pandit friends, he left
Srinagar in August 1888 and arrived in Jammu. In Jammu, he inspected
the manuscripts that were held in shabby condition in two locked rooms inside
Sri Raghunath Ji Temple.He was more than certain that if not catalogued,
segregated and scientifically preserved, this treasure may be lost due to harsh
climatic conditions ,termites and other insects .He sought help from the
British resident in Kashmir and together they impressed Maharaja Partap
Singh for cataloguing and scientific and proper preservation of the
treasure.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Credit goes to Aurel
Stein for getting the manuscripts catalogued using services of some expert
Kashmiri Pandits proficient in Sanskrit and Sharda .Stein again visited Jammu
in 1889 for this work and was given full cooperation by Pandit Radhakrishen
,the then Governor of Jammu who got a separate building constructed for this
library inside<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sri Raghu Nath Ji Temple
complex . Maharaja Partap Singh issued orders for this task and sanctioned
special pay of Rs75 and Rs 50 per month respectively to Pandit Govind Koul and
Pandit Sahaj Kak Bhat ( Sahaz Bhat ) who catalogued more than six
thousand rare manuscripts in a scientific manner for this library. These
experts were assisted by Pandit Mukandram Shastri from Kashmir who was also
tasked by an order of Maharaja Partap Singh on the recommendations of Aurel
Stein. These experts had already worked with Stein and were well known to him.Sahaj(
Sahaz ) Ram Bhat and Govind Kaul stayed in Jammu for about 18 months to
complete the task. They were in regular correspondence with Aurel Stein who
stayed at Lahore. This correspondence done in Sanskrit is also preserved in the
British Museum, London. Stein visited the library again in 1940. His diaries
are preserved in the British Museum . The Jammu visit of 1940 in his diary
reads this:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">" I visited
Jammu again after 50 years the Raghunath Temple Library. Its six thousand old
Sanskrit manuscripts had been catalogued by me with the help of Pandit Govind
Koul and another excellent scholar friend Sahaz Bhat in what seems now like a
previous birth. It had been a dreary task but it saved the collection from
being lost. I had a very attentive reception, had to talk Sanskrit again for an
hour or so thus purifying my tongue by use of the sacred languages after all my
peregrinations in the barbarian North and West. It was a quaint experience to
find myself in the end garlanded in the traditional Kashmiri Hindu fashion for
the first time in life....December 12, 1940."</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The catalogue prepared by the learned Pandits was
got published from Nirnaya Sagara Press ,Bombay by Aurel Stein in 1894 and
presented to Maharaja Partap Singh. These rare manuscripts are available to
research scholars and the library staff may allow photographing using your own
camera.The birch bark manuscripts are highly delicate, as such copying of these
is not allowed. The library is located on the back side of Sri Raghunath Ji
Temple and is easily approachable from Hari Market entrance .It remains open
from 9.30 a m to 5 pm.The library is presently known as Sri Ranbir Sanskrit
Research Institute ,Jammu.</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MEETING<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HATIM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>TILIWOIN</span></b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stein had
developed a keen interest in Kashmiri language and folklore, especially
Kashmir’s folktales. Although he was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>engrossed in other issues ,yet, after dinner,
he would find time to pen down folklore tales from the mouth of a Kashmiri
peasant bard, Hatim Tiliwoin.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hatim was
introduced to him by Pandit Govind Koul. A resident of Lar Ganderbal, Hatim was
a peasant in the little hamlet of Panzil. He owed his surname to the possession
of an oil press. He had fame throughout Kashmir’s Sind valley as <i>Dastangou</i>,
a professional storyteller. Hatim was the son of Sabir Tiliwoin, also a <i>Dastangou,</i>
who had handed down verbally a poem titled <i>Yeli Forsyth Sahib
Yarqand Zenini Gov (W</i>hen Thomas Doughlas Forsyth went to conquer
Yarqand), to his son, Hatim. Due to the pressure of his work on <i>Rajatarangini</i>,
Stein could not devote more than an hour in the evening, after dinner, to hear
and pen down Hatim’s folktales in presence of Pandit Govind Koul. Besides
Govind Kaul, Stein also took help from some other Pandits . He also used a
phonographic recorder to understand the words he could not understand while
stories were being orally recited in song form by Hatim . The stories were
edited and published reluctantly by Sir George Grierson as late as 1923.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PANDIT
FRIENDS OF AUREL STEIN</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aurel Stein’s closest friends in Kashmir were
, Prof Nityananad Shastri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Sanskrit
teacher at S P College , Srinagar ) Pandit Govind Koul (Incharge Translation
Department during the rule of Maharaja Ranbir Singh ),Pandit Mukund Ram Shastri
( translator during the rule of Maharaja Ranbir Singh ) ,Sahaz Kak Bhat (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>linguist and physician and also<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>father of Hakim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sham Lal Bhat ) and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harabhatta Zadoo ( Sanaskrit scholar and son
of </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pandit Keshav Bhatta Zadoo , the Royal
Astrologer in the Court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh )</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Apart from these,
Stein had befriended about 15 Sanskrit scholars from Kashmir.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pandit Govind Koul’s 's death in June 1899, a
shocked Stein lamented that Govind Koul , '' like another Kalhana departed as
my best Indian friend beyond all hope of reunion in this Janma". Paying
fulsome tributes to him, Stein wrote: "whenever Govind Kaul was by my
side, whether in the dusty exile of Lahore or alpine coolness of Mohand Marg in
Kashmir, I was in continuity with the past as the historical student of India.
His personality embodied all that change of ages indicated and showed as the
mind and psyche of India."</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About his
association with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>learned<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kashmiri Pandits , Stein writes this :-</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"But perhaps the greatest advantage I derived from Kashmirian
Pandit association with my labours was the chance it gave me to study in close
contact those peculiarities of traditional Indian thought, belief and conduct
which separate Hindu civilisation so deeply both from the West and the East and
which no amount of book knowledge could ever fully reveal to a Maleecha
(uncouth foreigner) .”</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">LAST DAYS </span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
British subject from 1904, he was knighted in 1912.On 31 March 1943, just back
from Las Belas tracing one of Alexander the Great's unsurveyed routes, the
scholar, archaeologist and explorer Marc Aurel Stein (b. 1862) received a
telegram from Cornelius Van Hemert Engert (1887-1985), US Minister in Kabul. It
was an entirely unexpected invitation to Afghanistan. Stein was in his 81st
year but, characteristically undefeated by age, he immediately started making
plans and laying down conditions for his visit: he wanted to visit sites in
Bactria and the Helmand valley and also follow ancient routes through
Afghanistan.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Finally
, Stein reached Kabul on October 19, 1943. That evening he suffered a stroke.
He did not fully regain consciousness and died on Thursday 26 October 1943 only
a week after his arrival. He was buried in the Christian cemetery in Kabul,
Gora Kabur ('white graveyard') in Sherpur which was once Sherpur Cantonment of
the British Army. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Avtar
Mota)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-46830073748352607932024-02-07T23:29:00.007+05:302024-03-20T08:55:14.771+05:30GOOD BYE FAROOQ NAZKI , YOU WILL BE ALWAYS MISSED <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRaD5BksVUsDhiZQwfmC3WViYPL0-1ERsKJuWfiWj18RkkGz261mX6WcFcAa_FCm0Fr6fYxs6j8TzJg2ApkTT932o7pARrjKtTrIXBVJm-McNpB7zRHmX1gbEp147jVLSdbgZCtZjdHNMlyMZd9BQJmkMgQl-LEoowj1afwhI087eq73SJY7bna8JFPL4B/s4928/DSC_4036.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRaD5BksVUsDhiZQwfmC3WViYPL0-1ERsKJuWfiWj18RkkGz261mX6WcFcAa_FCm0Fr6fYxs6j8TzJg2ApkTT932o7pARrjKtTrIXBVJm-McNpB7zRHmX1gbEp147jVLSdbgZCtZjdHNMlyMZd9BQJmkMgQl-LEoowj1afwhI087eq73SJY7bna8JFPL4B/s320/DSC_4036.JPG" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Photo Baithak
2017 in Jammu Farooq Nazki and Avtar Mota ) )</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNedNkTNNocXD3Ve_IKDbm0SZGfTh0JENGq7xYxtKTmJwAAlCUNZo5hXtukGe8PrsaJC0h9QntYsYzgvTyXW-0MVS-1Vjhs2XrDJ1XmZS89DmYT0ZWUbf-MNegbdFyRj9-ZkjsM_lDQgZXuAsaJz4oPkPZexucPVlYWZsfCRbM6-kyJ4yVyzdbLXPxr3Fi/s1410/IMG_20240209_202536.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1410" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNedNkTNNocXD3Ve_IKDbm0SZGfTh0JENGq7xYxtKTmJwAAlCUNZo5hXtukGe8PrsaJC0h9QntYsYzgvTyXW-0MVS-1Vjhs2XrDJ1XmZS89DmYT0ZWUbf-MNegbdFyRj9-ZkjsM_lDQgZXuAsaJz4oPkPZexucPVlYWZsfCRbM6-kyJ4yVyzdbLXPxr3Fi/s320/IMG_20240209_202536.jpg" width="245" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipb7ArR8xNwAQLyPwD1YLCgRimcmywTDUMbH1VSUriIXqhylBMusA-yh-zqgD3z4Ffxag5fSHAgd4xpsxgTICijSqwHmaShFdQsblJNEFuJHu2VOvPXlGx3u3AmAw1hF4AepRuF88WeWhKCSzeVSajbJjAfG91vwekFwcMvsvXkpV6JzjymF4HFa9-Rn4_/s2340/Screenshot_2024-03-20-08-50-42-703_com.facebook.katana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2340" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipb7ArR8xNwAQLyPwD1YLCgRimcmywTDUMbH1VSUriIXqhylBMusA-yh-zqgD3z4Ffxag5fSHAgd4xpsxgTICijSqwHmaShFdQsblJNEFuJHu2VOvPXlGx3u3AmAw1hF4AepRuF88WeWhKCSzeVSajbJjAfG91vwekFwcMvsvXkpV6JzjymF4HFa9-Rn4_/s320/Screenshot_2024-03-20-08-50-42-703_com.facebook.katana.jpg" width="148" /></a></div><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FAROOQ
NAZKI …… A DARVESH WHO WISHED WELL TO ONE AND ALL</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”Karaa ba maan
tse saetien chhusa ba tath laayak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tse shaah savaar
ba khosh Tsaenisiyi Gubaaras manz”……( Farooq Nazki )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ How can I
compete with you? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Am I worthy to do
that?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for you ride the
galloping horse,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let me be happy
with the dust that you raise in this hurtle ”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unbelievably but
true, Farooq Nazki left us for his heavenly abode. He had not been keeping well
for some time. Like the odds that he fought in his life, he also battled with
his ailments courageously. Too many people are paying heartfelt tributes to him
through various social media platforms. His friends from all the corners of the
country feel saddened. He had a vast circle of admirers from all the sections
of the society. He enthused them with his conversation and empathy. To talk to
him was always a pleasure and to listen to him no less a treat. In
communication, he opened many gates that took you walking through history,
literature, cinema, philosophy and books. For the quantity and quality of the
knowledge that he possessed about Kashmir, one could call him a walking
encyclopedia on Kashmir. Like his friend Sadiq Ali ( son of Jaffer Ali artist
), Farooq Nazki was also from a different breed, a rare one from amongst the
people who I came across in my life. Well-read, positive, compassionate,
tolerant and a symbol of composite culture and inclusiveness. Anyone who met
him felt happy at his accessibility, down-to-earth simplicity and helpful
attitude. He had earned the love and affection of many giants in the world of
art, literature, journalism and bureaucracy including poet Jigar Moradabadi,
Ali Sardar Jafri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Kamleshwar, G R Santosh, Kashyap Bandhu,
Girish Saxena and many more. He never made a show of his proximity with many
top names in the world of cinema, music, theatre and literature. As a
bureaucrat, he discharged his functional obligations with poetic empathy and as
a poet, he touched every aspect of universal beauty through his imagination.
Wherever he remained, Kashmir was inseparable from him. He talked it, breathed
it and felt it all around. He had no ambiguity of perception and his conceptual
framework was clear about what happened in Kashmir and who brought the gloom
and misery in the peaceful valley. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In Rainawari, I
would see him in the intellectual group that came to the shop of poet Radhe
Nath Masarat during the evening time. The members of this group included artist
P N Kachru, poet Muzaffar Azim, Professor Kak, J L Raina, Chaman Lal Abhay,
Predimen Krishen Wattal and some more persons. His other friends in Rainawari
included Sadiq Ali (MLC), Jawahar Dhar ( Sita Travels ) and Siddarth Zadoo (
engineer Doordarshan ). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNYzfkCGUlZGWasmbURX-u1rWdkF7apvGjbQXdhyp9T8N76REh_TBN6K1BltgmguLLvYw7cgKq2F-nHfubs9oBr1fyPhCsyenbkR6Nj6IUbEREcBX6mxVwT4IY0QQFzT9OJnGQEzMIXNx7Cm45xoq4c5Lk4lMrx2_wfTB92XPthapps70SopoEI8C8raCu/s1112/FB_IMG_1707801626580.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNYzfkCGUlZGWasmbURX-u1rWdkF7apvGjbQXdhyp9T8N76REh_TBN6K1BltgmguLLvYw7cgKq2F-nHfubs9oBr1fyPhCsyenbkR6Nj6IUbEREcBX6mxVwT4IY0QQFzT9OJnGQEzMIXNx7Cm45xoq4c5Lk4lMrx2_wfTB92XPthapps70SopoEI8C8raCu/s320/FB_IMG_1707801626580.jpg" width="311" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In 2007 or 2008,
he was associated with Take One TV. It was the month of April and summer had
set in early in Jammu. When I visited him, he expressed a desire to visit Saint
Gopinath Ji’s Ashram in Jammu. I took him there in my vehicle. It was about 2
pm when we reached the Ashram braving the midday sun. The moment he entered the
Ashram premises, he took out his shoes, washed his hands with soap and entered
the sanctum sanctorum. Before leaving, he tied the Daesh ( sacred string of
faith ) seeking some boon from the saint. I didn’t ask for details. After some
months, I met M K Tikoo ( Trustee Bhagwan Gopinath Ji’ Ashram ) and gave him
the photocopy of Farooq Nazki’s poem Naad Laayey ( I shall call you back) that
he had demanded. He told me that Farooq Sahib had come to the Ashram with one
Kaul Sahib.I didn’t tell him anything about his earlier visit and tying of the
Daesh . I believe Saint Gopinath Ji must have also been pleased with his
affable mannerism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I also invited
him as Chief Guest or Guest of Honour in some high-profile functions of the bank.
He kept my bosses enthused and engaged with his lively conversation. In 2017,
he spent almost a full day with us, when along with Narinder Safaya, we
organized a Baithak function on Poet Dina Nath Nadim. He joined the event along
with Mrs Nazki, Ayaz Rasool Nazki ( his brother ), Mrs Ayaz Rasool Nazki, Mrs
Nusrat Andrabi, Brij Nath Betab, T K Jalali, Arvind Gigoo, and many more
persons. That time also he read from his poetic collection Naar Hyotun
Kazalvanas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I am informed by
Brij Nath Betab how Farooq Nazki had picked him up along with his bag and
baggage from Kashmir House and taken him to his official accommodation at Minto
Road, New Delhi. Both were posted in Delhi and Betab had been waiting for
allotment of some governmental accommodation. Betab remembers how like a big
brother Farooq Nazki had made him comfortable in Delhi. Bihari Kak tells me
that as Incharge Doordarshan Srinagar, it was Farooq Nazki who explicitly told
every private producer in Kashmir to engage artists from the exiled Kashmiri Pandit
community in fair proportion as they were almost starving in Jammu. Ravinder
Kaul informs me that he set a process rolling that proved a boon for the exiled
Kashmiri Pandit artists in Jammu. Ramesh Marthatta of Akashvani Jammu tells me
this :-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “ I can never
repay the debt that I owe to Nazki Sahib. He alone stood behind me like a rock
after I was attacked and kidnapped by terrorists in the 1990s. They fired
bullets at me and four bullets hit my body. I was in the Army hospital for many
weeks. I survived miraculously. I was working as a casual artist. Nazki Sahib
almost fought with his bosses in Delhi to get me regularized and posted in
Kathua. My services were regularized on his strongly worded recommendation
letter but I was transferred to Jaipur. He got my order modified to Kathua. I
really feel saddened at his death.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Many such stories
are with me that demonstrate the selfless humanism of Farooq Nazki.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Farooq Nazki
started as a journalist and joined Radio Kashmir, Srinagar that he headed in
later days. From Radio, he moved to television and rose to become Deputy
Director General of Doordarshan. He also remained a Media Advisor to Dr Farooq
Abdullah and Omar Abdullah. As an administrator and bureaucrat, he was exposed
to the binary behaviour of the system that he expressed through his poetic
wisdom.He experienced the binary variations of issues.Truth could be diametrically oposite to what was apparent. And what was apparent could be nothing but packaged falsehood .</span> I quote him:-</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “Me vuchh zaal
gaadan karaan raahnumayi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Me vuchh zaal
Haanzan karaan jaalsaazi </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Me vuchh aab tael
aab peth kyaah chhu sapdaan ”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(I saw the
fishing net leading the fish to the freedom,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I saw the same
fishing net misleading the fisherman,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I saw what
happens below and over the water's surface )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Born in 1940,
Farooq Nazki was a well-known name in the contemporary literary world of
Kashmir. He equally established himself amongst the frontline Urdu poets of the
country. Essentially a romantic, he added new metaphors, modernism and
positivity to Kashmiri poetry through his subtle and deft use of words and
ideas. I was highly impressed by his Kashmiri poetic collection Naar Heutun
Kazalvanas ( Kazalvan is on fire ) which won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in
1995. I also read his latest poetic collection Sat Baran and felt happy. He was
a prolific poet and I believe a good quantity of his work remains unpublished.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “Aap ki tasweer
thi akhbaar mein ,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kyaa sabab hai
aap ghar jaatay nahin..</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nazki se shair
kehnaa seekhiye ,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jo gazal kehte
hain chhapwaate nahin”….( Farooq Nazki )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He was a poet of
hope. goodwill, reconciliation and reunion. His poem dedicated to his friend
Som Nath Sadhu comes close to a poem of Sindhi Poet Sheikh Ayaaz that he
dedicated to his closest friend and eminent Sindhi poet Narayan Shyam. Narayan
Shyam moved to India in 1947 while Sheikh Ayaaz Stayed back in Sindh. Nazki’s
anguish over the loss of composite culture in Kashmir is profound. He misses
Kamla Ji ( Kamli ) who was like a mother to him. Why did Kamla Ji (mother of
Som Nath Sadhu ) leave Kashmir? What had this simple and god-fearing woman
done? I quote him:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ek intesaab aur</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Somnath Sadhu,
teray naam.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaanta hai
tumhari maa, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kamli,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kashmir chho’rr
kar gayi hai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aur apnay saath
chaandi ki woh thaali bhi ley gayi hai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jis mein woh</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hum donon kay
liye khaana parosti thi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kya tu jaanta hai
ke</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Woh meray dar se
kashmir se bhaag gayi hai.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumhara,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Farooq.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Once more a
dedication to you,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My Somnath Sadhu,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you know
Kamli,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Your mother,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left Kashmir,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">taking her silver
plate along,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes, the very
plate,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">from which you
and I ate,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the food that she
served us,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you Know Som
Nath Sadhu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fearing me,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">she left Kashmir.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">your Farooq )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even during the dark
decade ( 1990 to 2000 ) of turmoil when death and destruction were rampant,
Nazki retained his hope and optimism. Rising above the then-prevailing gloom
and negativity, he kept talking about sunshine, goodwill, flowers and the
ensuing spring. For him, the scenario was an aberration which had to die down
under the mounting thrust of the time-tested ethos, tradition and open-minded
culture of Kashmir that had evolved over 5000 years. On 14th February, he would
have celebrated another birthday. A birthday when spring would be knocking. He
loved the flowers and fragrance that spring brought to his Kashmir. However, he
had been always missing something in this spring for the last three decades.
Will the Pandits return to celebrate the Soant festival? He put forth this pain
through his poems. I quote him:-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Mushuk valith
aav vaav sontuk,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dichin bashaarat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yimav qadam kaed
garav nebar,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tim na aayee
pheerith,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na Tchhandi
sontan ...”……………..( Farooq Nazki )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Bathed in
perfume,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the spring has
once again come this way,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bringing some
good news.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alas! Those who
stepped out of their homes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">did neither
return,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nor did this
spring seek their whereabouts .)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I met him on 9th March 2012 and on 10th March 2012, he had written this couplet on my Facebook Timeline :-</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumhaare aane se mehfil mein roshini aayi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bujhe bujhe se chiraagon pe taazigi aayi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrQcErrIt7DFarTdaBo2lYVv924puacFgLgctbYrqdCv-fPmuxDa7CIQOXcbiB5P6bIDIdqkpopgY1tyUiXzNK5N9b3UjYMgUQfMoTiY0YiPpSUzCzAlICo5SznS7texr-i4TtdZC69K3PUcz3d8wDf5plU0DH0Nl_ik-TlIbKkYoSfuN6acu2YCU-0ny/s1080/IMG_20240310_100134.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1080" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrQcErrIt7DFarTdaBo2lYVv924puacFgLgctbYrqdCv-fPmuxDa7CIQOXcbiB5P6bIDIdqkpopgY1tyUiXzNK5N9b3UjYMgUQfMoTiY0YiPpSUzCzAlICo5SznS7texr-i4TtdZC69K3PUcz3d8wDf5plU0DH0Nl_ik-TlIbKkYoSfuN6acu2YCU-0ny/s320/IMG_20240310_100134.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Good bye Farooq
Nazki. You will be always missed for what you were and for what you believed
in.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Avtar Mota )</span></p>
<p><br /></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-86689169295104977922024-01-26T17:41:00.009+05:302024-01-27T03:21:14.092+05:30BOOK REVIEW : "GANTANTRA MEIN GORAIYYA" BY M K SANTOSHI <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMfcQrHYyJLw3gQePTUAIYFTRMis12YHaSvscxM35x24KHdr-HZ8YjobiCvgD9ttd-4wnKpfbx2KBZ9Q05FJoRayWPUIiEDMmZqi0j9nuImLWdhYu_J_HlFDebp_ZfRnRoP5Whtav7GlSbgF9WzCsVIK_zrerO3OXuZTPp4LZ_o50ypPHck1fDeLlL3r6/s2263/IMG_20240126_164443.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2263" data-original-width="1438" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMfcQrHYyJLw3gQePTUAIYFTRMis12YHaSvscxM35x24KHdr-HZ8YjobiCvgD9ttd-4wnKpfbx2KBZ9Q05FJoRayWPUIiEDMmZqi0j9nuImLWdhYu_J_HlFDebp_ZfRnRoP5Whtav7GlSbgF9WzCsVIK_zrerO3OXuZTPp4LZ_o50ypPHck1fDeLlL3r6/s320/IMG_20240126_164443.jpg" width="203" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwV1ImZ-LLP4aQHrbMMRsRAggex8tKFBz-_ftjEs5dDM2ZD-uuBjcLYmkrbsPC2QCi2PcxlcC1EU0uslQvFKgJKF7C4w7IcIdAAeDpqzhTjqx44Glxv3c7HYaVGZZvB-E9PN5nR2pOqKDfy0AZGqbpVOV1qPNvIF4UUKTPofeTxdecOhNWWkEwYhHPFFd/s2660/IMG_20240126_164517.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2660" data-original-width="1415" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwV1ImZ-LLP4aQHrbMMRsRAggex8tKFBz-_ftjEs5dDM2ZD-uuBjcLYmkrbsPC2QCi2PcxlcC1EU0uslQvFKgJKF7C4w7IcIdAAeDpqzhTjqx44Glxv3c7HYaVGZZvB-E9PN5nR2pOqKDfy0AZGqbpVOV1qPNvIF4UUKTPofeTxdecOhNWWkEwYhHPFFd/s320/IMG_20240126_164517.jpg" width="170" /></a></div><br /><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BOOK REVIEW </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GANTANTRA MEIN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GORAIYYA
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hindi poetry collection )</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By Maharaj Krishen Santoshi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Published by Anamika
Prakashan </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN:978-93-95966-00-9 </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Year of Publication 2023</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Price ..Rs199/=</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">M</span>aharaj
Krishen Santoshi is a well-known Hindi poet and writer from the J&K UT. His
poems and short stories have been published in many leading Hindi magazines in the country . Many have also been translated into various Indian languages
including Telgu, Dogri , Punjabi, Gujarati , etc. He has published five poetic
collections and a collection of short stories titled ,’Hamaare Ishwar Ko
Tairana Nahin Aata” .Prof Arvind<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gigoo
has also translated his poems in a collection titled, ‘The Chinar is My
Address’. He has received many awards including the Best Book Award from
J&K Academy of Art Culture and Languages .He has also been awarded
‘Sauhaardh Samaan’ by the Uttar Pradesh Hindi Society . He hails from Mattan town in the Kashmir valley and presently lives in Anand Nagar ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bohri ,Jammu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> The present
poetic collection under review is titled, ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gantantra
Mein Goraiyya ‘.</b> Published in 2023,the book comprises 89 poems spread
over 104 pages .The poems are brief, crisp and deal with existential
predicaments apart from other subjects like exile ,memories of lost home, lost
friends, life in camps, love, fear, parental memories, etc. Apart from this,
there is a bunch of mini poems dedicated to Buddha written under the title,
“Budh Ko Sambodhit Kavitaayein”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I believe good poetry flows out freely from
the heart and it can never be an intellectual process. Born not in the mind but
in the heart full of feelings and sensitivity, good poetry <span class="hgkelc">makes
the reader exclaim with delight, “Yes, that's it! That's right! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes ,that is exactly how I feel! ”.</span>In
all the poems in this compilation, one comes across Santoshi’s intense observation
and equally sensitive and uncomplicated presentation. Through these poems,
Santoshi’s effort is to capture the essence of the chord struck in him by an
instant of insight, in such a way that the same music sounds in the soul of the
reader. That makes these poems readable, lovable and appreciable. Santoshi’s
poetic canvas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is wide and he discusses
many other issues through his poems apart from the exile that he painfully
experiences. Through his poems, Santoshi also attempts to elucidate his own
destiny. What interests the reader in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ideas appearing in his poems<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is
their dramatic significance with reference<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to the poet <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>himself. That also
makes him come to some extent, closer to a few modern Kudish poets especially <span class="hgkelc"><b>Kajal Ahmed and Abdullah Goran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></span> <span class="hgkelc">The
emergence of modern </span><span class="jpfdse">Kurdish</span><span class="hgkelc">
poetry marks a period of great significance in the history of Kurdish
literature since <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it witnessed the
advent of modernity, the rise of Kurdish nationalism, the fall of the Persian
and Ottoman Empires, and the creation of the Middle East with no country for
Kurds</span>.The poems carry a sense of loss , pain ,an intense feeling of nostalgia
and perpetual exile . Many exiled Kashmiri <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poets like Santoshi also<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>feel and express similarly </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I
quote some samples from the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poems of
Santoshi appearing in the book under review<b> :-</b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(1)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> “Mitti ke devta</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Kitne bhi pooje jaayein</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Par woh darte hain</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Baarish<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>se “………… <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
Mini Poem )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(However intensely</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You may worship </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gods made of mud ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Remember, </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">They fear a simple
rainfall.)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(2)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>“Baarish mein bheeg rahi thi</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">woh stree,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">aur mein khidki se dekh raha tha</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">uska badan</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Budh ! </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">mein kya karta </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">khidki bandh kar deta </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">tau bhi woh stree</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">mujh se aujhal nahin hoti.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( from
…Buddh Ko Sambhodit Kavitaayein )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(The woman kept </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Drenching in the
rain,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">And I kept looking</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at her body from my window.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">My Lord ! My
Buddha !</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tell me , what
could I do ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Had I shut the
window,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">still then,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that woman would
not have </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">become invisible
for me )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(4)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">“O Ishwar ,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Ek baat poochhoon,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Hamaari vethaayein,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Hamaari praarthanaayein,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Kis daak ghar se pahunchati hogi aap tak</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Meray<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gaanv ka
daakiya kahaa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kartaa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tha </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Ishwar ke yahaan koyi daak-ghar nahin </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Vahaan bus athaah shoonya hai</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Jis ka koyi pincode nahin.”……..<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( From the poem ….Ishwar Ke Yahaan koyi Daak-ghar Nahin )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O God!</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Should I ask a
question ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Through which post
office, </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our painful
stories ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our innumerable
submissions ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>get delivered to you ?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The postman of my
village used to tell me ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“There is no post
office<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in God’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>town,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">There is only
infinite emptiness<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">That has no
pincode .)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(5)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">“Aangan mein kunkuni dhoop ho</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Havaaon mein pakay <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>huve sebon ki mehak </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Aana tum </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">O mrityu ,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Dabochana nahin,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Jaise iss jeevan ne liya daboch ,</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Chhoona ang ang</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Jaise koyi kunti </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Khayaalon hi khayaalon mein</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Chhu rahi ho </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Apne kisi karan ko “………(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> From the poem Mrityu )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ( In the courtyard ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let there be a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pleasant sunshine ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Let the air be</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laden with the fragrance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of ripe apple fruits ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then come ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Come,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Death !</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Visit me ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Don’t pounce upon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The way this life has seized me ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Come ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">touch every part of my body </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the way some Kunti ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in the chain of her <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dreams </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keeps caressing her own Karan.)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(6)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">“Yeh jo itna kuchh chhap raha
hai kaagaz par</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Kya bhula diya jaayega raddhi
samajh kar</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Kya naahak kaate gaye peid </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Kya naahak padi gayi kitaabein</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Kya naahak aadmi ne sapne
dekhe </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Ya</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Jab tak rahegi bhaasha </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Kaagaz iss duniya ko vishwaas
dillaata rahega </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Aksharon ko dohte dohte </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Na kabhi thakeinge</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Na kabhi raddhi hone se
dareinge)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ………( poem Kaagaz )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(These voluminous writings on paper </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shall the world forget this all like scrap ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Then, </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Were the trees cut without need ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Were the books read without need ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Did man engage in dreaming without a need ?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Or</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Till the end of this world ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The paper shall keep reminding<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
human race </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“ carrying these words day after day on my shoulders ,</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I shall neither get<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tired </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nor shall I be afraid of turning into scrap ,or waste )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">To the lovers of good poetry,
I recommend this book. Here is something fresh, readable and enjoyable. </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( Avtar Mota )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-56331703435071128102024-01-23T22:03:00.019+05:302024-02-19T16:58:44.931+05:30BOOK REVIEW :'DOON AND OTHER STORIES' <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwefsjvpmpSCP4WO_399Q6qQfP1UIbQn7GjVvBmhcR4qwCbdFr_uxqP7GLjBbPKv5fbQ72ffUVNxGL_0j-vbU04MViN7rC-qSu9bwhTwx5CcVV0jiBowIuzOJx5A4l4ir-6KtTHtAAMEANfHO3oofFCjJ6XvA8ZkNDCboilKGiVALa__hhZ1iRuOrD9Hmh/s1000/doon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="678" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwefsjvpmpSCP4WO_399Q6qQfP1UIbQn7GjVvBmhcR4qwCbdFr_uxqP7GLjBbPKv5fbQ72ffUVNxGL_0j-vbU04MViN7rC-qSu9bwhTwx5CcVV0jiBowIuzOJx5A4l4ir-6KtTHtAAMEANfHO3oofFCjJ6XvA8ZkNDCboilKGiVALa__hhZ1iRuOrD9Hmh/s320/doon.jpg" width="217" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDTiTsmqLemeE5efOwnnTYc1SSaa2FpKXUBLn3LxifbpEsQ1RFPlCMfcr62CU8AiIXqImdEUmkptOifL3CTILTHeaKwvb65OL2ZQZdhItc7x-66oNw9JvBxnVzqnehjqS7oJ2xzT3qbi63876uanJtccjS7W7Mu1b3HyGN91Aegtwjrl5MK0N8Mxm8AgdX/s4000/IMG_20240120_151202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDTiTsmqLemeE5efOwnnTYc1SSaa2FpKXUBLn3LxifbpEsQ1RFPlCMfcr62CU8AiIXqImdEUmkptOifL3CTILTHeaKwvb65OL2ZQZdhItc7x-66oNw9JvBxnVzqnehjqS7oJ2xzT3qbi63876uanJtccjS7W7Mu1b3HyGN91Aegtwjrl5MK0N8Mxm8AgdX/s320/IMG_20240120_151202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCy38M4uDJdX92G5Ms7PTh1P6BWuPuXuAS0U5dAN8-1aBVTch0SqK-mvimW04_QzIYLPQh-AjhMkDp0CM4e3IvzYPZaWyXFAtNboiNOWy_N1svYOeeEPEHAojAMMbcJ5CWD3rAxeggngS7IEYVJfBGtp6YhFKj6upsA6nNcWkkj9LI6xZ9CdFHNGedSiTq/s1599/420836069_10161072297955027_2308368159852033696_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="1599" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCy38M4uDJdX92G5Ms7PTh1P6BWuPuXuAS0U5dAN8-1aBVTch0SqK-mvimW04_QzIYLPQh-AjhMkDp0CM4e3IvzYPZaWyXFAtNboiNOWy_N1svYOeeEPEHAojAMMbcJ5CWD3rAxeggngS7IEYVJfBGtp6YhFKj6upsA6nNcWkkj9LI6xZ9CdFHNGedSiTq/s320/420836069_10161072297955027_2308368159852033696_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> ( Book Release function at Jammu on 20th January 2024 )</span></div><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BOOK
REVIEW<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DOON AND OTHER STORIES"</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( Displacement And Identity )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By Rohini Vaishnavi </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Published by Bigfoot06 Publications (OPC) Pvt. Ltd.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Year of Publication …December 2023</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISBN: 978-81-968085-4-9</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Price 250 ( available on Amazon )</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Rohini Vaishnavi has done her
Master's in Business Management from a prestigious European university. .After
that , she has been in various leadership roles in the corporate world for many
years . And now <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>she has <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>founded
a content creation and brand communication agency . She is a columnist in the Times
of India Opinion. She has also edited<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>”
The Chronicles of Kashmir “, a book by Bal Krishen Sanyasi , her father and a well-known Kashmiri poet. She belongs to the family of Pandit Amar Nath Vaishnavi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the well-known<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>selfless leader of Kashmiri Pandits. She is directly connected with many
Initiatives of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amar Nath Vaishnavi Foundation </b>, a social organization working for
the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exiled Kashmiri Pandits .</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">Dedicated to Somawati
Vaishnavi (her grandmother), this 127-page book consists of 5 stories titled, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yusuf, The Bedside Lamp, It Was Destined,
Doon and Shireen</b>. In Her Introduction to the book , Rohini writes this :-</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">“I understood the role that
geography plays in shaping individual and collective identity only after I had
to leave my birthplace forever, never to return. Though this book is a work of
fiction , I have drawn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the emotions and
situations from the lives of real people that I know of and some of it is my
personal experience. I salute the resilience of this miniscule community which
bounced back and started life from a scratch after the Exodus and always had
faith in India and its democracy.”</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">The ‘Short Story’ technique
gained great popularity in the world literature after the arrival of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>writers like <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guy-de-Maupassant"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Guy de Maupassant</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span></b><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikolay-Gogol"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nikolay Gogol</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span>Leo Tolsty, Anton Chekhov</b> and many more. Chekhov went ahead
and broke the tradition of a well plotted-story. He was not interested in
conveying dramatic happenings through his short stories though much is revealed
about his characters and the quality of their lives. Unlike Maupassant, Chekhov
focused on his characters using his perception, subtle humour and irony .The
event was not important to him. He employed what is known as foreshadowing
technique to convey human <span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">suffering, loss, helplessness, pathos and loneliness. </span>His
characters are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">breathtakingly relatable
and lifelike</span>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unknowingly or knowingly
, Rohini uses something like <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anton
Chekhov’s technique to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>convey <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stories .</b>Her stories revolve around
intangible loss ,struggle for survival ,helplessness , suffering ,
relationships ,loss of culture and loss of identity; the issues that the
Kashmiri Pandits<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>faced after being
driven out from their motherland. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc">In the story
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yusuf</b>, Rohini uses Yusuf, a young
boy to convey the loss of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘Ghar</b>-<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Devta’</b> for the Kashmiri Pandit exiles in
the heat and dust of the plains of the country. Yusuf’s parents buy the house
of an exiled Kashmiri Pandit where young Yusuf finds a picture drawn by one
Avinash in his notebook with a note on Ghar-Devta and his miracles. Innocent Yusuf
believes that the Ghar-Devta would certainly help to save his ailing mother,
Khadija.The story of Ghar-Devta is woven in a style that is profoundly
relatable for the readers from the Kashmiri Pandit community. The story also recalls
the greedy brokers who followed Pandit exiles in their tents and camps and used
all types of pressure forcing them to sell their property for peanuts.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly in the story, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘The Bedside Lamp’</b>, Neena’s longing to revisit her home in Kashmir
results in her kidnapping .Shafi the captor , despite speaking the
same language and being from a similar cultural background , fails to demonstrate
human empathy and warmth. And Shafi (who is now the Area Commander of a
terrorist group ) was closely known to Neena’s family during the days when
peace prevailed in Kashmir. He was their neighbour. Finally, Neena walks to
her freedom only after the sudden<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>army<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>crackdown that makes her
captor run for life. Similarly in the story, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘It Was</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Destined ’</b> the
reader finds a similar situation when a Kashmiri Pandit family revisit their
house .When Sarita revisits her house, she finds everything changed. She recognises
Majid, the new occupant of their house. Thirty years back, Majid , the truck
driver had informed Sarita that her sister had been shot dead.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘Doon’ </b>is another story full of nostalgia,
pathos and suffering. Doon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or walnut is
symbolic of Kashmiri culture. The walnut was a binding force in the composite
culture of Kashmir especially during Shivratri festivity. In the story, Ashwini
is a Bangaluru-based<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmiri Pandit
engineer whose mother <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>died in a Jammu
hospital of some unknown ailment in 1996, a time when Ashwini was completing
his BE degree from a Pune college. Kashinath , his father lived a lonely life
in one room in Jammu after the death of his wife. Kashinath’s lonely life in
the room brings back the painful memories of sufferings of every<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kashmiri Pandit in Jammu after being thrown
out from the valley . Kashinath goes to live with Ashwini ( who has married Sunayna
,a Kannad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>girl) in Bangluru and decides
to celebrate Shivratri with walnuts the way he used to do when Shobha, his wife
was alive. Sunayna cooperates happily .Sahil, Ashwini’s son also gets connected
to walnuts that he sees in California where he moves permanently after
completing his education. Doon fascinates Kashinath, Ashwini and even Sahil who
lives in California. Kashinath suffers from dementia and Sunayna is all happy
to pass on the cultural importance of Doon to the German girl who is now
Sahil’s companion . The story is woven into incidents and situations that bring
painful nostalgia and a profound sense of loss . </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.5in; mso-mirror-indents: yes; text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc">The last story is a moving tale of two young hearts,
two lovers ;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vikram and Shireen who face the sudden onset of brutal terrorism that changes the course of their lives and
shatters all dreams. While reading the story, I was reminded of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sahir Ludhianavi’s</b> poem ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parchhaiyaan’ or Shadows</b>. Sanjay and
Raksha , common friends<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Vikram and
Shireen too are dumbfounded with this sudden change in the peaceful environment
in the valley. The story is woven around the killing of Tika Lal Taploo , bomb
blasts and kidnappings. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The situation at that time was a clear<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>signal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Pandits and other m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inorities living
in the valley. </span><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Allama
Iqbal</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> has summed up this situation in his poetry as under:- </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“Chhupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kar aasteen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bijliyaan rakhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>garduun ne</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Aanaadil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagh ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gaafil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>na baithen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aashiyaanon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mein </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wattan ki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fikr kar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nadaan museebat aanewaali hai </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Teri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>barbaadiyon ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mashware hain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>aasmaanon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mein.”</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(The arched sphere
has concealed lightning in its sleeve,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Let not the
nightingales of the garden sit carefree in their nests,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Oh, the ignorant!
Think of your homeland, the tragedy waits in wings,</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consultations for
your destruction are being held in the skies</span></b><span class="hgkelc"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.)</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc">And then
these characters live through the horrible night of 19<sup>th</sup> January, 1990.
Thereafter, silence and </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc">suspicion
become the way of life for Kashmiris that include Omkar Nath and Sheela ,
parents of Shireen .This was the period when neighbours turned strangers .A
period when the season of exile had set in .Leaving everything behind ,
Kashmiri Pandits run to the plains of the country to save their lives and
honour using every available mode of transport. Shireen was studying in Mumbai
while whereabouts of Vikram’s family were unknown. None knew where did they go
and how they were. And Shireen kept looking for Vikram in the refugee camps, in
the long queues to collect tap water, in the tattered tents and anywhere and
everywhere.</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="hgkelc"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyasxWqGe5mMTl-L28xs3BsWoDTbyDBKH-ytCapMAOU9HDdO686VazpWoO9yBHGgy5cmIvxJRuEc9WJXdR0yhyMIzDw_q4dOz8eOUPlQLxpdxj41MdR93XWL_HZAMH3rfvIi_3Fn8yXDkd8Hsk9nrpprmlWjKyZW5-88bln__X5TQhf2xp0bi1beL6eNBK/s2340/Screenshot_2024-02-18-08-06-30-825_com.android.chrome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2340" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyasxWqGe5mMTl-L28xs3BsWoDTbyDBKH-ytCapMAOU9HDdO686VazpWoO9yBHGgy5cmIvxJRuEc9WJXdR0yhyMIzDw_q4dOz8eOUPlQLxpdxj41MdR93XWL_HZAMH3rfvIi_3Fn8yXDkd8Hsk9nrpprmlWjKyZW5-88bln__X5TQhf2xp0bi1beL6eNBK/s320/Screenshot_2024-02-18-08-06-30-825_com.android.chrome.jpg" width="148" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="hgkelc">( Review of the book published in the Daily Excelsior on 18th February, 2024)</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc">The book
invokes an intense feeling of collective loss and uprooting. These stories are
also a great effort towards documenting what befell a peace-loving community. I
have every reason to believe that such stories will be read as the ‘history of the
sufferings of a community’ by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>posterity
. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hgkelc"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">( Avtar Mota )</b></span></p>
<p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6122995288345517707.post-60994747696899070862024-01-21T15:38:00.000+05:302024-01-21T15:38:01.451+05:30A PERSIAN COUPLET OF ALLAMA IQBAL<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihaux1qmzQf2hjXcWWqa4U4uD5pXat1av35wyv0e-F7lrICeAXt8UdVIVLz7KPe_DxSZKDw7KotvOBsEwEw7aSBkmu0gee6DmPDY1_zCOIeQ4-3kRG7QM92STnsmGKfOj5PHtEQFhB6AQ4SXkdT-wvSpeFjQXtD-GXBs3Ji1dzf4M2A3Ji5lrrerOEuWsL/s626/421258940_7524861920870914_3510426346541853904_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="626" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihaux1qmzQf2hjXcWWqa4U4uD5pXat1av35wyv0e-F7lrICeAXt8UdVIVLz7KPe_DxSZKDw7KotvOBsEwEw7aSBkmu0gee6DmPDY1_zCOIeQ4-3kRG7QM92STnsmGKfOj5PHtEQFhB6AQ4SXkdT-wvSpeFjQXtD-GXBs3Ji1dzf4M2A3Ji5lrrerOEuWsL/s320/421258940_7524861920870914_3510426346541853904_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> ( Red Popp flower y with a black spot )<br /><br /><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" dir="auto">BLACK-HEARTED OR CHEERFUL, I AM A FLOWER OF YOUR GARDEN...THE PERSIAN COUPLET .......<br /><br />(Agar siyah dilam daag e lala zaare tu-ahm<br />Va-gar kushaada jabeenam gul e bahaare tu-ahm)..Allama Iqbal<br /><br />( If I am black-hearted, I am a black spot of the *poppy of your garden,<br />And if I am cheerful, then a flower of the spring that is visiting you )</span><p></p><p><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" dir="auto"></span></p><p><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" dir="auto"></span></p><p><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" dir="auto">( Avtar Mota )<br /><br />*
Red Poppy flowers have black spots. The black spots at the heart of the
poppy mimic the presence of a female beetle. This is a way for the
flowers to attract male beetles. </span></p><div class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" role="button" tabindex="0">See less</div><p></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span></p><p><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> </span><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a><span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">CHINAR SHADE</span> by <a href="http;\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Autarmota</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/in/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India License</a>.<br />Based on a work at <a href="http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\" rel="dc:source" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">http:\\autarmota.blogspot.com\</a>.</p>CHINAR SHADEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17371379383921998225noreply@blogger.com0